Download fulltext
HTML
1.
Iqbal KM, Hay MW, Emami-Naeini P. Medication-induced Uveitis: An Update. JOVR [Internet]. 2021Jan.20 [cited 2024May5];16(1):84–92. Available from: https://knepublishing.com/index.php/JOVR/article/view/8254
https://doi.org/10.18502/jovr.v16i1.8254
statistics
- 1209 Abstract Views
- 488 PDF Views
- 0 HTML Views
- Cited by 3 articles
authors
-
Kashif M Iqbal
Kashif M Iqbal
University of California Riverside School of Medicine, Riverside, CA
-
Madeline W Hay
Madeline W Hay
Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA
-
Parisa Emami-Naeini
Parisa Emami-Naeini
Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Science, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA
Published Date
- Jan 20, 2021
Medication-induced Uveitis: An Update
Abstract
Drug-induced uveitis is an uncommon but important cause of ocular inflammation. Uveitis can be seen in association with various systemic, topical, and intraocular medications. In this article, we review common medications associated with uveitis. Most cases of drug-induced uveitis resolve with termination of the suspected medication with or without administration of topical or systemic steroids. It is important for clinicians to readily identify medications that may cause uveitis in order to provide rapid treatment, avoid consequences of longstanding inflammation, and prevent costly and excessive laboratory testing.
Keywords:
Uveitis, Medication, Medication-induced Uveitis
References
1. Anquetil C, Salem JE, Lebrun-Vignes B, Touhami S, Desbois AC, Maalouf G, et al. Evolving spectrum of druginduced uveitis at the era of immune checkpoint inhibitors results from the WHO’s pharmacovigilance database. J Autoimmun 2020;102454
2. McCannel C, Holland G, Helm C, Cornell P, Winston J, Rimmer T. Causes of uveitis in the general practice of ophthalmology. Am J Ophthalmol 1996;121:35–46.
3. Deschenes J, Murray PI, Rao NA, Nussenblatt RB. International Uveitis Study Group (IUSG) clinical classification of uveitis. Ocul Immunol Inflamm 2008;16:1– 2.
4. Bloch-Michel E, Nussenblatt RB. International Uveitis Study Group recommendations for the evaluation of intraocular inflammatory disease. Am J Ophthalmol 1987;103:234–235.
5. Jabs DA, Nussenblatt RB, Rosenbaum JT. Standardization of Uveitis Nomenclature (SUN) Working Group. Standardization of uveitis nomenclature for reporting clinical data. Results of the First International Workshop. Am J Ophthalmol 2005;140:509–516.
6. Jabs DA, Nussenblatt RB, Rosenbaum JT, Standardization of Uveitis Nomenclature (SUN) Working Group. Standardization of uveitis nomenclature for reporting clinical data. Results of the First International Workshop. Am J Ophthalmol 2005;140:509–516.
7. A method for estimating the probability of adverse drug reactions. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1981;30:239–245.
8. Moorthy R, Valluri S, Jampol L. Drug-induced uveitis. Surv Ophthalmol 1998;42:557–570.
9. Cordero-Coma M, Salazar-Méndez R, Garzo-García I, Yilmaz T. Drug-induced uveitis. Expert Opin Drug Saf 2015;14:111–126.
10. Byles DB, Frith P, Salmon JF. Anterior uveitis as a side effect of topical brimonidine. Am J Ophthalmol 2000;130(3):287–291.
11. Becker HI, Walton RC, Diamant JI, Zegans ME. Anterior uveitis and concurrent allergic conjunctivitis associated with long-term use of topical 0.1% brimonidine tartrate. Arch Ophthalmol 2004;122:1063–1066.
12. Sharma A, Kumar N, Kuppermann BD, Francesco B, Loewenstein A. Biotherapeutics and immunogenicity: ophthalmic perspective. Eye 2019;33:1359–1361.
13. Winkler NS, Fautsch MP. Effects of prostaglandin analogues on aqueous humor outflow pathways. J Ocul Pharmacol Th 2014;30:102–109.
14. Moorthy RS, Moorthy MS, Cunningham, ET Jr. Druginduced uveitis. Curr Opin Ophthalmol 2018;29:588–603.
15. Warwar RE, Bullock JD, Ballal D. Cystoid macular edema and anterior uveitis associated with latanoprost use: experience and incidence in a retrospective review of 94 patients. Ophthalmology 1998;105:263–268.
16. Cellini M, Caramazza R, Bonsanto D, Bernabini B, Campos E. Prostaglandin analogs and blood-aqueous barrier integrity: a flare cell meter study. Ophthalmologica 2004;218:312–317.
17. Park H-YL, Kim JH, Lee KM, Park CK. Effect of prostaglandin analogues on tear proteomics and expression of cytokines and matrix metalloproteinases in the conjunctiva and cornea. Exp Eye Res 2012;94:13–21.
18. Witkin AJ, Chang DF, Jumper JM, Charles S, Eliott D, Hoffman RS, et al. Vancomycin-associated hemorrhagic occlusive retinal vasculitis: clinical characteristics of 36 eyes. Ophthalmology 2017;124(5):583–595.
19. Day S, Acquah K, Mruthyunjaya P, Grossman DS, Lee PP, Sloan FA. Ocular complications after anti–vascular endothelial growth factor therapy in medicare patients with age-related macular degeneration. Am J Ophthalmol 2011;152:266–272.
20. Rosenfeld PJ, Moshfeghi AA, Puliafito CA. Optical coherence tomography findings after an intravitreal injection of bevacizumab (Avastin®) for neovascular agerelated macular degeneration. OSLI Retina 2005;36:331– 335.
21. Antoszyk AN, Tuomi L, Chung CY, Singh A, Group FS. Ranibizumab combined with verteporfin photodynamic therapy in neovascular age-related macular degeneration (FOCUS): year 2 results. Am J Ophthalmol 2008;145:862– 874.
22. Brown DM, Michels M, Kaiser PK, Heier JS, Sy JP, Ianchulev T, et al. Ranibizumab versus verteporfin photodynamic therapy for neovascular age-related macular degeneration: two-year results of the ANCHOR study. Ophthalmology 2009;116:57–65.
23. Singer MA, Awh CC, Sadda S, Freeman WR, Antoszyk AN, Wong P, et al. HORIZON: an open-label extension trial of ranibizumab for choroidal neovascularization secondary to age-related macular degeneration. Ophthalmology 2012;119(6):1175–1183.
24. Wells JA, Glassman AR, Ayala AR, Jampol LM, Bressler NM, Bressler SB, et al. Aflibercept, bevacizumab, or ranibizumab for diabetic macular edema: two-year results from a comparative effectiveness randomized clinical trial. Ophthalmology 2016;123(6):1351–1359.
25. Dugel PU, Koh A, Ogura Y, Jaffe GJ, Schmidt-Erfurth U, Brown DM, et al. HAWK and HARRIER: phase 3, multicenter, randomized, double-masked trials of brolucizumab for neovascular age-related macular degeneration. Ophthalmology 2020;127(1):72–84.
26. Mones J, Srivastava S, Jaffe G, Tadayoni R, Albini TA, Kaiser PK, et al. Risk of inflammation, retinal vasculitis and retinal occlusion-related events with brolucizumab: posthoc review of HAWK and HARRIER. Ophthalmology 2020.
27. Sharma A, Kumar N, Parachuri N, Sharma R, Bandello F, Kuppermann BD, et al. Brolucizumab and immunogenicity. Eye 2020:1–3.
28. Shifera AS, Kopplin L, Lin P, Suhler EB. Drug-induced uveitis. Int Ophthal Clin 2015;55:47–65.
29. Kirsch LS, Arevalo JF, Chavez de la Paz E, Munguia D, De Clercq E, Freeman WR. Intravitreal cidofovir (HPMPC) treatment of cytomegalovirus retinitis in patients with acquired immune deficiency syndrome. Ophthalmology 1995;102:533–542.
30. Chavez-de la Paz E, Arevalo JF, Kirsch LS, Munguia D, Rahhal FM, De Clercq E, et al. Anterior nongranulomatous uveitis after intravitreal HPMPC (cidofovir) for the treatment of cytomegalovirus retinitis. Analysis and prevention. Ophthalmology 1997;104:539–544.
31. Davis JL, Taskintuna I, Freeman WR, Weinberg DV, Feuer WJ, Leonard RE. Iritis and hypotony after treatment with intravenous cidofovir for cytomegalovirus retinitis. Arch Ophthalmol 1997;115:733–737.
32. Ambati J, Wynne KB, Angerame MC, Robinson MR. Anterior uveitis associated with intravenous cidofovir use in patients with cytomegalovirus retinitis. Br J Ophthalmol 1999;83:1153–1158.
33. Cunningham ET. Uveitis in HIV positive patients. Br J Ophthalmol 2000;84:233–236.
34. Robinson MR, Reed G, Csaky KG, Polis MA, Whitcup SM. Immune-recovery uveitis in patients with cytomegalovirus retinitis taking highly active antiretroviral therapy. Am J Ophthalmol 2000;130:49–56.
35. London NJ, Garg SJ, Moorthy RS, Cunningham ET. Druginduced uveitis. J Ophthal Inflamm Infect 2013;3:43.
36. Bainbridge JW, Raina J, Shah SM, Pinching AJ. Ocular complications of intravenous cidofovir for cytomegalovirus retinitis in patients with AIDS. Eye 1999;13:353–356.
37. Nichols CW. Mycobacterium avium complex infection, rifabutin, and uveitis—is there a connection? Clin Infect Dis 1996;22:43–47.
38. Shafran SD, Singer J, Zarowny DP, Deschenes J, Phillips P, Turgeon F, et al. Determinants of rifabutinassociated uveitis in patients treated with rifabutin, clarithromycin, and ethambutol for Mycobacterium avium complex bacteremia: a multivariate analysis. J Infect Dis 1998;177:252–255.
39. Drlica K, Zhao X. DNA gyrase, topoisomerase IV, and the 4-quinolones. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 1997;61:377–392.
40. Hinkle DM, Dacey MS, Mandelcorn E, Kalyani P, Mauro J, Bates JH, et al. Bilateral uveitis associated with fluoroquinolone therapy. Cutan Ocul Toxicol 2012;31:111– 116.
41. Moorthy RS, London NJS, Garg SJ, Cunningham, ET, Jr. Drug-induced uveitis. Curr Opin Ophthalmol 2013;24:589–597.
42. Bettink-Remeijer MW, Brouwers K, Langenhove LV, De Waard PWT, Missotten TO, Martinez JP, et al. Uveitis-like syndrome and iris transillumination after the use of oral moxifloxacin. Eye 2009;23:2260–2262.
43. Fraunfelder FW, Fraunfelder FT. Bisphosphonates and ocular inflammation. N Engl J Med 2003;348:1187–1188.
44. Fraunfelder FW, Fraunfelder FT, Jensvold B. Scleritis and other ocular side effects associated with pamidronate disodium. Am J Ophthal 2003;135:219–222.
45. Fietta P, Manganelli P, Lodigiani L. Clodronate-induced uveitis. Ann Rheum Dis 2003;62:378.
46. Majjad A, Bezza A, Biyi A, El Ochi MR, El Maghraoui A. Pulmonary sarcoidosis following etanercept treatment for ankylosing spondylitis: a case report and review of the literature. Case Rep Rheumatol 2018;9867248.
47. Lim LL, Fraunfelder FW, Rosenbaum JT. Do tumor necrosis factor inhibitors cause uveitis? A registry-based study. Arthritis Rheum 2007;56:3248–3252.
48. Fonollosa A, Artaraz J, Les I, Martinez-Berriotoxoa A, Izquierdo JP, Lopez AS, et al. Sarcoid intermediate uveitis following etanercept treatment: a case report and review of the literature. Ocul Immunol Inflamm 2012;20:44–48.
49. Cunningham ET Jr, Pasadhika S, Suhler EB, Zierhut M. Drug-induced inflammation in patients on TNFalpha inhibitors. Ocul Immunol Inflamm 2012;20:2–5.
50. Pardoll DM. The blockade of immune checkpoints in cancer immunotherapy. Nat Rev Cancer 2012;12:252–264.
51. Dalvin LA, Shields CL, Orloff M, Sato T, Shields JA. Checkpoint inhibitor immune therapy: systemic indications and ophthalmic side effects. Retina 2018;38:1063–1078.
52. Cunningham ET, Moorthy RS, Zierhut M. Immune checkpoint inhibitor-induced uveitis. Ocul Immunol Inflamm 2020;28:847–849.
53. Robert C, Schachter J, Long GV, Arance A, Grob JJ, Mortier L, et al. Pembrolizumab versus ipilimumab in advanced melanoma. N Engl J Med 2015l;372:2521–2532.
54. Antonia SJ, López-Martin JA, Bendell J, Ott PA, Taylor M, Eder JP, et al. Nivolumab alone and nivolumab plus ipilimumab in recurrent small-cell lung cancer (CheckMate 032): a multicentre, open-label, phase 1/2 trial. Lancet Oncol 2016;17:883–895.
55. Tilden ME, Rosenbaum JT, Fraunfelder FT. Systemic sulfonamides as a cause of bilateral, anterior uveitis. Arch Ophthalmol 1991;109:67–69.
56. Akingbehin T, Villada JR. Metipranolol-associated granulomatous anterior uveitis. Br J Ophthalmol 1991;75:519–523.
57. Ostheimer TA, Burkholder BM, Leung T, Butler NJ, Dunn JP, Thorne JE. Tattoo-associated uveitis. Am J Ophthalmol 2014;158(3):637–643.
58. Rorsman H, Brehmer-Andersson E, Dahlquist I, Ehinger B, lacobsson S, Linell F, et al. Tattoo granuloma and uveitis. Lancet 1969;2:27–28.
2. McCannel C, Holland G, Helm C, Cornell P, Winston J, Rimmer T. Causes of uveitis in the general practice of ophthalmology. Am J Ophthalmol 1996;121:35–46.
3. Deschenes J, Murray PI, Rao NA, Nussenblatt RB. International Uveitis Study Group (IUSG) clinical classification of uveitis. Ocul Immunol Inflamm 2008;16:1– 2.
4. Bloch-Michel E, Nussenblatt RB. International Uveitis Study Group recommendations for the evaluation of intraocular inflammatory disease. Am J Ophthalmol 1987;103:234–235.
5. Jabs DA, Nussenblatt RB, Rosenbaum JT. Standardization of Uveitis Nomenclature (SUN) Working Group. Standardization of uveitis nomenclature for reporting clinical data. Results of the First International Workshop. Am J Ophthalmol 2005;140:509–516.
6. Jabs DA, Nussenblatt RB, Rosenbaum JT, Standardization of Uveitis Nomenclature (SUN) Working Group. Standardization of uveitis nomenclature for reporting clinical data. Results of the First International Workshop. Am J Ophthalmol 2005;140:509–516.
7. A method for estimating the probability of adverse drug reactions. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1981;30:239–245.
8. Moorthy R, Valluri S, Jampol L. Drug-induced uveitis. Surv Ophthalmol 1998;42:557–570.
9. Cordero-Coma M, Salazar-Méndez R, Garzo-García I, Yilmaz T. Drug-induced uveitis. Expert Opin Drug Saf 2015;14:111–126.
10. Byles DB, Frith P, Salmon JF. Anterior uveitis as a side effect of topical brimonidine. Am J Ophthalmol 2000;130(3):287–291.
11. Becker HI, Walton RC, Diamant JI, Zegans ME. Anterior uveitis and concurrent allergic conjunctivitis associated with long-term use of topical 0.1% brimonidine tartrate. Arch Ophthalmol 2004;122:1063–1066.
12. Sharma A, Kumar N, Kuppermann BD, Francesco B, Loewenstein A. Biotherapeutics and immunogenicity: ophthalmic perspective. Eye 2019;33:1359–1361.
13. Winkler NS, Fautsch MP. Effects of prostaglandin analogues on aqueous humor outflow pathways. J Ocul Pharmacol Th 2014;30:102–109.
14. Moorthy RS, Moorthy MS, Cunningham, ET Jr. Druginduced uveitis. Curr Opin Ophthalmol 2018;29:588–603.
15. Warwar RE, Bullock JD, Ballal D. Cystoid macular edema and anterior uveitis associated with latanoprost use: experience and incidence in a retrospective review of 94 patients. Ophthalmology 1998;105:263–268.
16. Cellini M, Caramazza R, Bonsanto D, Bernabini B, Campos E. Prostaglandin analogs and blood-aqueous barrier integrity: a flare cell meter study. Ophthalmologica 2004;218:312–317.
17. Park H-YL, Kim JH, Lee KM, Park CK. Effect of prostaglandin analogues on tear proteomics and expression of cytokines and matrix metalloproteinases in the conjunctiva and cornea. Exp Eye Res 2012;94:13–21.
18. Witkin AJ, Chang DF, Jumper JM, Charles S, Eliott D, Hoffman RS, et al. Vancomycin-associated hemorrhagic occlusive retinal vasculitis: clinical characteristics of 36 eyes. Ophthalmology 2017;124(5):583–595.
19. Day S, Acquah K, Mruthyunjaya P, Grossman DS, Lee PP, Sloan FA. Ocular complications after anti–vascular endothelial growth factor therapy in medicare patients with age-related macular degeneration. Am J Ophthalmol 2011;152:266–272.
20. Rosenfeld PJ, Moshfeghi AA, Puliafito CA. Optical coherence tomography findings after an intravitreal injection of bevacizumab (Avastin®) for neovascular agerelated macular degeneration. OSLI Retina 2005;36:331– 335.
21. Antoszyk AN, Tuomi L, Chung CY, Singh A, Group FS. Ranibizumab combined with verteporfin photodynamic therapy in neovascular age-related macular degeneration (FOCUS): year 2 results. Am J Ophthalmol 2008;145:862– 874.
22. Brown DM, Michels M, Kaiser PK, Heier JS, Sy JP, Ianchulev T, et al. Ranibizumab versus verteporfin photodynamic therapy for neovascular age-related macular degeneration: two-year results of the ANCHOR study. Ophthalmology 2009;116:57–65.
23. Singer MA, Awh CC, Sadda S, Freeman WR, Antoszyk AN, Wong P, et al. HORIZON: an open-label extension trial of ranibizumab for choroidal neovascularization secondary to age-related macular degeneration. Ophthalmology 2012;119(6):1175–1183.
24. Wells JA, Glassman AR, Ayala AR, Jampol LM, Bressler NM, Bressler SB, et al. Aflibercept, bevacizumab, or ranibizumab for diabetic macular edema: two-year results from a comparative effectiveness randomized clinical trial. Ophthalmology 2016;123(6):1351–1359.
25. Dugel PU, Koh A, Ogura Y, Jaffe GJ, Schmidt-Erfurth U, Brown DM, et al. HAWK and HARRIER: phase 3, multicenter, randomized, double-masked trials of brolucizumab for neovascular age-related macular degeneration. Ophthalmology 2020;127(1):72–84.
26. Mones J, Srivastava S, Jaffe G, Tadayoni R, Albini TA, Kaiser PK, et al. Risk of inflammation, retinal vasculitis and retinal occlusion-related events with brolucizumab: posthoc review of HAWK and HARRIER. Ophthalmology 2020.
27. Sharma A, Kumar N, Parachuri N, Sharma R, Bandello F, Kuppermann BD, et al. Brolucizumab and immunogenicity. Eye 2020:1–3.
28. Shifera AS, Kopplin L, Lin P, Suhler EB. Drug-induced uveitis. Int Ophthal Clin 2015;55:47–65.
29. Kirsch LS, Arevalo JF, Chavez de la Paz E, Munguia D, De Clercq E, Freeman WR. Intravitreal cidofovir (HPMPC) treatment of cytomegalovirus retinitis in patients with acquired immune deficiency syndrome. Ophthalmology 1995;102:533–542.
30. Chavez-de la Paz E, Arevalo JF, Kirsch LS, Munguia D, Rahhal FM, De Clercq E, et al. Anterior nongranulomatous uveitis after intravitreal HPMPC (cidofovir) for the treatment of cytomegalovirus retinitis. Analysis and prevention. Ophthalmology 1997;104:539–544.
31. Davis JL, Taskintuna I, Freeman WR, Weinberg DV, Feuer WJ, Leonard RE. Iritis and hypotony after treatment with intravenous cidofovir for cytomegalovirus retinitis. Arch Ophthalmol 1997;115:733–737.
32. Ambati J, Wynne KB, Angerame MC, Robinson MR. Anterior uveitis associated with intravenous cidofovir use in patients with cytomegalovirus retinitis. Br J Ophthalmol 1999;83:1153–1158.
33. Cunningham ET. Uveitis in HIV positive patients. Br J Ophthalmol 2000;84:233–236.
34. Robinson MR, Reed G, Csaky KG, Polis MA, Whitcup SM. Immune-recovery uveitis in patients with cytomegalovirus retinitis taking highly active antiretroviral therapy. Am J Ophthalmol 2000;130:49–56.
35. London NJ, Garg SJ, Moorthy RS, Cunningham ET. Druginduced uveitis. J Ophthal Inflamm Infect 2013;3:43.
36. Bainbridge JW, Raina J, Shah SM, Pinching AJ. Ocular complications of intravenous cidofovir for cytomegalovirus retinitis in patients with AIDS. Eye 1999;13:353–356.
37. Nichols CW. Mycobacterium avium complex infection, rifabutin, and uveitis—is there a connection? Clin Infect Dis 1996;22:43–47.
38. Shafran SD, Singer J, Zarowny DP, Deschenes J, Phillips P, Turgeon F, et al. Determinants of rifabutinassociated uveitis in patients treated with rifabutin, clarithromycin, and ethambutol for Mycobacterium avium complex bacteremia: a multivariate analysis. J Infect Dis 1998;177:252–255.
39. Drlica K, Zhao X. DNA gyrase, topoisomerase IV, and the 4-quinolones. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 1997;61:377–392.
40. Hinkle DM, Dacey MS, Mandelcorn E, Kalyani P, Mauro J, Bates JH, et al. Bilateral uveitis associated with fluoroquinolone therapy. Cutan Ocul Toxicol 2012;31:111– 116.
41. Moorthy RS, London NJS, Garg SJ, Cunningham, ET, Jr. Drug-induced uveitis. Curr Opin Ophthalmol 2013;24:589–597.
42. Bettink-Remeijer MW, Brouwers K, Langenhove LV, De Waard PWT, Missotten TO, Martinez JP, et al. Uveitis-like syndrome and iris transillumination after the use of oral moxifloxacin. Eye 2009;23:2260–2262.
43. Fraunfelder FW, Fraunfelder FT. Bisphosphonates and ocular inflammation. N Engl J Med 2003;348:1187–1188.
44. Fraunfelder FW, Fraunfelder FT, Jensvold B. Scleritis and other ocular side effects associated with pamidronate disodium. Am J Ophthal 2003;135:219–222.
45. Fietta P, Manganelli P, Lodigiani L. Clodronate-induced uveitis. Ann Rheum Dis 2003;62:378.
46. Majjad A, Bezza A, Biyi A, El Ochi MR, El Maghraoui A. Pulmonary sarcoidosis following etanercept treatment for ankylosing spondylitis: a case report and review of the literature. Case Rep Rheumatol 2018;9867248.
47. Lim LL, Fraunfelder FW, Rosenbaum JT. Do tumor necrosis factor inhibitors cause uveitis? A registry-based study. Arthritis Rheum 2007;56:3248–3252.
48. Fonollosa A, Artaraz J, Les I, Martinez-Berriotoxoa A, Izquierdo JP, Lopez AS, et al. Sarcoid intermediate uveitis following etanercept treatment: a case report and review of the literature. Ocul Immunol Inflamm 2012;20:44–48.
49. Cunningham ET Jr, Pasadhika S, Suhler EB, Zierhut M. Drug-induced inflammation in patients on TNFalpha inhibitors. Ocul Immunol Inflamm 2012;20:2–5.
50. Pardoll DM. The blockade of immune checkpoints in cancer immunotherapy. Nat Rev Cancer 2012;12:252–264.
51. Dalvin LA, Shields CL, Orloff M, Sato T, Shields JA. Checkpoint inhibitor immune therapy: systemic indications and ophthalmic side effects. Retina 2018;38:1063–1078.
52. Cunningham ET, Moorthy RS, Zierhut M. Immune checkpoint inhibitor-induced uveitis. Ocul Immunol Inflamm 2020;28:847–849.
53. Robert C, Schachter J, Long GV, Arance A, Grob JJ, Mortier L, et al. Pembrolizumab versus ipilimumab in advanced melanoma. N Engl J Med 2015l;372:2521–2532.
54. Antonia SJ, López-Martin JA, Bendell J, Ott PA, Taylor M, Eder JP, et al. Nivolumab alone and nivolumab plus ipilimumab in recurrent small-cell lung cancer (CheckMate 032): a multicentre, open-label, phase 1/2 trial. Lancet Oncol 2016;17:883–895.
55. Tilden ME, Rosenbaum JT, Fraunfelder FT. Systemic sulfonamides as a cause of bilateral, anterior uveitis. Arch Ophthalmol 1991;109:67–69.
56. Akingbehin T, Villada JR. Metipranolol-associated granulomatous anterior uveitis. Br J Ophthalmol 1991;75:519–523.
57. Ostheimer TA, Burkholder BM, Leung T, Butler NJ, Dunn JP, Thorne JE. Tattoo-associated uveitis. Am J Ophthalmol 2014;158(3):637–643.
58. Rorsman H, Brehmer-Andersson E, Dahlquist I, Ehinger B, lacobsson S, Linell F, et al. Tattoo granuloma and uveitis. Lancet 1969;2:27–28.