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Naveed H, Leung V, Zarei-Ghanavati M, Leak C, Liu C. Ophthalmic Workplace Modifications for the Post-COVID Era. JOVR [Internet]. 2020Jul.29 [cited 2024Jul.17];15(3):400–407. Available from: https://knepublishing.com/index.php/JOVR/article/view/7458
https://doi.org/10.18502/jovr.v15i3.7458
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authors
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Hasan Naveed
Hasan Naveed
Sussex Eye Hospital, Brighton and Sussex University Hospitals NHS Trust, UK
-
Victor Leung
Victor Leung
Core Extension Health & Safety, Canada
-
Mehran Zarei-Ghanavati
Mehran Zarei-Ghanavati
Eye Research Center, Farabi Eye Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Christopher Leak
Christopher Leak
Moorfields Eye Hospital, Croydon, UK
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Christopher Liu
Christopher Liu
Sussex Eye Hospital, Brighton and Sussex University Hospitals NHS Trust, UK
Published Date
- Jul 29, 2020
Ophthalmic Workplace Modifications for the Post-COVID Era
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic necessitates implementation of exposure control measures in all facets of the healthcare sector. Healthcare professionals who work in busy ophthalmology clinics and theaters are amidst the highest at-risk of contracting COVID- 19. The authors review the up-to-date scientific evidence of SARS-CoV-2 transmission to demystify and explain the exposure control options available for ophthalmic workplace and offer insights from an industrial hygiene standpoint. As the we enter the post-COVID world, these measures will be critical to enhance workplace safety, and thus protect patients and staff alike.
Keywords:
COVID-19, Ophthalmic Workplace, Protecting Healthcare Workers, SARS-CoV-2, Personal Protective Equipment
References
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22. Lee SA, Hwang DC, Li HY, Tsai CF, Chen CW, Chen JK. Particle size-selective assessment of protection of European Standard FFP Respirators and Surgical Masks against Particles-Tested with Human Subjects. J Healthc Eng 2016;1–12. doi: 10.1155/2016/8572493.
23. Patel RB, Skaria SD, Mansour MM, Smaldone GC. Respiratory source control using a surgical mask: an in vitro study. J Occup Environ Hyg 2016:13;569–576.
24. Gawn J, Clayton M, Makeison C, Crook B. Evaluating the protection afforded by surgical masks against influenza bioaerosols: gross protection of surgical masks compared to filtering facepiece respirators. Buxton: Health and Safety Executive; 2008; 33.
25. Chan WM, Liu DT, Chan PK, Chong KK, Yuen KS, Chiu TY, et al. Precautions in ophthalmic practice in a hospital with a major acute SARS outbreak: an experience from Hong Kong. Eye 2006:21;304–305.
26. Hsieh VC. Putting resiliency of a health system to the test: COVID-19 in Taiwan. J Formos Med Assoc 2020:119;884– 885.
27. Heimbuch BK, Wallace WH, Kinney K, Lumley AE, Wu CY, Woo MH, et al. A pandemic influenza preparedness study: use of energetic methods to decontaminate filtering facepiece respirators contaminated with H1N1 aerosols and droplets. Am J Infect Control 2011:39:e1–e9.
28. Lore MB, Heimbuch BK, Brown TL, Wander JD, Hinrichs SH. Effectiveness of three decontamination treatments against influenza virus applied to filtering facepiece respirators. Ann Occup Hyg 2012:56;92–101.
29. Lin M. How to fight coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 and its disease, COVID-19 [Internet]. Linlab Briefing; 2020. Available from: https://radiology.ucsf.edu/sites/radiology. ucsf.edu/files/wysiwyg/patientcare/patient-safety/covid- 19/Lin_lab_COVID_presentation_2020-03-16.pdf.
30. BATELLE systemTM. Instructions for healthcare facilities: preparation and collection of compatible N95 respirators for decontamination by the Battelle Memorial Institute using the battelle decontamination system [Internet]. Available from: https://www.battelle.org/docs/defaultsource/ commercial-offerings/industry-solutions/ instructions-for-healthcare-facilities---03-29-2020--- 615pm-revision.pdf?
31. Oke J, Heneghan C. Oxford COVID-19 evidence service team. Global COVID-19 case fatality rates [Internet]. CEBM; 2020. Available at: https://www.cebm.net/covid-19/globalcovid- 19-case-fatality-rates/.
32. Jun ISY, Hui KKO, Songbo PZ. Perspectives on Coronavirus disease 2019 control: measures for ophthalmology clinics based on a Singapore center experience. JAMA Ophthalmol 2020;138:435–436. Available from: https://jamanetwork.com/journals/ jamaophthalmology/fullarticle/2764085.
33. Rivett L, Sridhar S, Sparkes D, Routledge M, Jones NK, Forrest S, et al. Screening of healthcare workers for SARSCoV- 2 highlights the role of asymptomatic carriage in COVID-19 transmission [published online ahead of print, 2020 May 11]. Elife 2020;9:e58728.
2. Johns Hopkins, School of Medicine. Coronavirus resource center statistics [Internet]. Johns Hopkins University; 2020 [cited June 6, 2020]. Available from: https://coronavirus. jhu.edu/map.html.
3. Kissler SM, Tedijanto C, Goldstein E, Grad YH, Lipsitch M. Projecting the transmission dynamics of SARSCoV- 2 through the postpandemic period. Science 2020;368:860–868.
4. Guo YR, Cao QD, Hong ZS, Tan YY, Chen SD, Jin HJ, et al. The origin, transmission and clinical therapies on coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak - an update on the status. Mil Med Res 2020;7:11.
5. Nishiura H, Kobayashi T, Suzuki A, Jung S-Mok, Hayashi K, Kinoshita R, Yang Y, et al. Estimation of the asymptomatic ratio of novel coronavirus infections (COVID-19). Int J Infect Dis 2020;94:154–155.
6. Guan WJ, Ni ZY, Hu Y, Liang WH, Ou CQ, He JX, Liu L, et al. China Medical Treatment Expert Group for Covid- 19. Clinical characteristics of coronavirus disease 2019 in China. N Engl J Med 2020;382:1708–1720.
7. Hopkins C, Kumar N. Loss of smell as a marker for COVID-19 infection [Document]. ENT UK; 2020. Available from: https://www.entuk.org/sites/default/files/files/Loss% 20of%20sense%20of%20smell%20as%20marker% 20of%20COVID.pdf.
8. Heneghan C, Brassey J, Jefferson T. Oxford COVID- 19 Evidence Service Team. SARS-CoV-2 viral load and the severity of COVID-19 [Internet]. Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine; 2020. Available from: https://www.cebm.net/covid-19/sars-cov-2-viral-loadand- the-severity-of-covid-19/.
9. Liu Y, Yan L, Wan L, Xiang T, Le A, Liu J, et al. Viral dynamics in mild and severe cases of COVID 19. Lancet Infect Dis 2020;20:656–657.
10. Lai CC, Liu YH, Wang CY, Wang YH, Hsueh SC, Yen MY, et al. Asymptomatic carrier state, acute respiratory disease, and pneumonia due to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2): facts and myths. J Microbiol Immunol Infect 2020:S1684–1182:30040– 30042.
11. Annex C. Respiratory droplets. In: Atkinson K, Chartier Y, Pesso-Silva CL, Jensen P, Li Y, Seto W, editors. natural ventilation for infection control in healthcare settings. Geneva: WHO; 2009.
12. Zayas G, Chiang MC, Wong E, MacDonald F, Lange CF, Senthilselvan A, et al. Cough aerosol in healthy participants: fundamental knowledge to optimize dropletspread infectious respiratory disease management. BMC Pulm Med 2012;12:11.
13. Leung NHL, Chu DKW, Shiu EYC, Chan K, McDevitt JJ, Hau BJP, et al. Respiratory virus shedding in exhaled breath and efficacy of face masks. Nat Med 2020;26:676–680.
14. ASHRAE. Position paper on infectious aerosols [Internet]. Atlanta, Georgia: ASHRAE; 2020 Available from: https://www.ashrae.org/file{%}20library/about/ position{%}20documents/pd_infectiousaerosols_2020. pdf.
15. Van Doremalen N, Bushmaker T, Morris DH, Holbrook MG, Gamble A, Williamson BN, et al. Aerosol and surface stability of SARS-CoV-2 as compared with SARS-CoV-1. N Engl J Med 2020;382:1564–1567.
16. Royal College of Ophthalmologists. Management of ophthalmology services during the Covid pandemic. UK: RCOphth; 2020. Available from: https://www.rcophth.ac.uk/wp-content/uploads/2020/ 03/RCOphth-Management-of-Ophthalmology-Servicesduring- the-Covid-pandemic-280320.pdf.
17. China.org.cn. State Council Information Office briefing on the science-based treatment of severe COVID-19 cases [Internet]. Wuhan, China: March 2020 [cited March 26, 2020]. Available from: http://www.china.org.cn/china/ 2020-03/20/content_75839939.htm.
18. ANSI/ASHRAE/ASHE. Standard 170 - ventilation of health care facilities. Atlanta, GA: ASHRAE; 2008. Available from: http://sspc170.ashraepcs.org/pdf/170_2008_FINAL.pdf.
19. Li JO, Lam DSC, Chen Y, Ting DSW. Novel Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): the importance of recognising possible early ocular manifestation and using protective eyewear. Br J Ophthalmol 2020;104:297–298. Available from: https://bjo.bmj.com/content/104/3/297.
20. Spooner JL. History of surgical masks. AORN J 1967;5:76– 80.
21. Robertson P. Comparison of masks standards, ratings and filtration effectiveness [Internet]. Smart Air; 2020. Available from: https://smartairfilters.com/en/blog/comparisonmask- standards-rating-effectiveness/.
22. Lee SA, Hwang DC, Li HY, Tsai CF, Chen CW, Chen JK. Particle size-selective assessment of protection of European Standard FFP Respirators and Surgical Masks against Particles-Tested with Human Subjects. J Healthc Eng 2016;1–12. doi: 10.1155/2016/8572493.
23. Patel RB, Skaria SD, Mansour MM, Smaldone GC. Respiratory source control using a surgical mask: an in vitro study. J Occup Environ Hyg 2016:13;569–576.
24. Gawn J, Clayton M, Makeison C, Crook B. Evaluating the protection afforded by surgical masks against influenza bioaerosols: gross protection of surgical masks compared to filtering facepiece respirators. Buxton: Health and Safety Executive; 2008; 33.
25. Chan WM, Liu DT, Chan PK, Chong KK, Yuen KS, Chiu TY, et al. Precautions in ophthalmic practice in a hospital with a major acute SARS outbreak: an experience from Hong Kong. Eye 2006:21;304–305.
26. Hsieh VC. Putting resiliency of a health system to the test: COVID-19 in Taiwan. J Formos Med Assoc 2020:119;884– 885.
27. Heimbuch BK, Wallace WH, Kinney K, Lumley AE, Wu CY, Woo MH, et al. A pandemic influenza preparedness study: use of energetic methods to decontaminate filtering facepiece respirators contaminated with H1N1 aerosols and droplets. Am J Infect Control 2011:39:e1–e9.
28. Lore MB, Heimbuch BK, Brown TL, Wander JD, Hinrichs SH. Effectiveness of three decontamination treatments against influenza virus applied to filtering facepiece respirators. Ann Occup Hyg 2012:56;92–101.
29. Lin M. How to fight coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 and its disease, COVID-19 [Internet]. Linlab Briefing; 2020. Available from: https://radiology.ucsf.edu/sites/radiology. ucsf.edu/files/wysiwyg/patientcare/patient-safety/covid- 19/Lin_lab_COVID_presentation_2020-03-16.pdf.
30. BATELLE systemTM. Instructions for healthcare facilities: preparation and collection of compatible N95 respirators for decontamination by the Battelle Memorial Institute using the battelle decontamination system [Internet]. Available from: https://www.battelle.org/docs/defaultsource/ commercial-offerings/industry-solutions/ instructions-for-healthcare-facilities---03-29-2020--- 615pm-revision.pdf?
31. Oke J, Heneghan C. Oxford COVID-19 evidence service team. Global COVID-19 case fatality rates [Internet]. CEBM; 2020. Available at: https://www.cebm.net/covid-19/globalcovid- 19-case-fatality-rates/.
32. Jun ISY, Hui KKO, Songbo PZ. Perspectives on Coronavirus disease 2019 control: measures for ophthalmology clinics based on a Singapore center experience. JAMA Ophthalmol 2020;138:435–436. Available from: https://jamanetwork.com/journals/ jamaophthalmology/fullarticle/2764085.
33. Rivett L, Sridhar S, Sparkes D, Routledge M, Jones NK, Forrest S, et al. Screening of healthcare workers for SARSCoV- 2 highlights the role of asymptomatic carriage in COVID-19 transmission [published online ahead of print, 2020 May 11]. Elife 2020;9:e58728.