Von Hippel-Lindau Disease and the Eye

Abstract

Retinal hemangioblastoma (also referred to as retinal capillary hemangioma) is a benign lesion originating from the endothelial and glial components of the neurosensory retina and optic nerve head. Historically known as a manifestation of the von Hippel- Lindau (VHL) disease, it can be seen as an isolated finding or in association with some rare ocular conditions. In addition to characteristic ophthalmoscopic features, results of numerous ancillary tests including angiography, ultrasound, optical coherence tomography, and genetic tests may support the diagnosis and differentiate it from similar conditions. Because of serious life-threatening complications of VHL disease, every ocular approach to retinal hemangioblastomas should be in relationship with additional multidisciplinary diagnostic and therapeutic efforts. In addition, any patient with actual or probable diagnosis of VHL disease should be screened for ocular involvement. Unfavorable visual loss can occur early, and ocular complications of VHL range from exudative retinopathy to tractional retinal detachment, neovascular glaucoma, and phthisis bulbi. Accordingly, various treatment methods have been tested with overall acceptable responses, including photocoagulation, cryotherapy, photodynamic therapy, plaque radiotherapy, vitrectomy, and more novel intra-vitreal injections of anti-vascular endothelial growth factors and propranolol.

Keywords:

Diagnosis, Retinal Capillary Hemangioma, Treatment, Von Hippel-Lindau

References
1. Venkatesh P, Takkar B. Proposed classification system for retinal capillary angiomatosis. Ophthal Res 2019;61:115–119.

2. Resche F, Moisan JP, Mantoura J, de Kersaint-Gilly A, Andre MJ, Perrin-Resche I, et al. Haemangioblastoma, haemangioblastomatosis, and von Hippel-Lindau disease. Adv Tech Stand Neurosurg 1993;20:197–304.

3. Jesberg DO, Spencer WH, Hoyt WF. Incipient lesions of von Hippel-Lindau disease. Arch Ophthalmol 1968;80:632–640.

4. Webster AR, Maher ER, Bird AC, Gregor ZJ, Moore AT. A clinical and molecular genetic analysis of solitary ocular angioma. Ophthalmology 1999;106:623–629.

5. Niemela M, Lemeta S, Sainio M, Rauma S, Pukkala E, Kere J, et al. Hemangioblastomas of the retina: impact of von Hippel-Lindau disease. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2000;41:1909–1915.

6. Lasave AF, Deromedis P. Solitary retinal capillary hemangioma in a patient with bilateral chorioretinal coloboma. Retin Cases Brief Rep 2017;13: 320–323.

7. Shields JA, Shields CL, Deglin E. Retinal capillary hemangioma in Marshall-Stickler syndrome. Am J Ophthalmol 1997;124:120–122.

8. Varshney N, Kebede AA, Owusu-Dapaah H, Lather J, Kaushik M, Bhullar JS. A review of Von Hippel-Lindau syndrome. J Kidney Cancer VHL 2017;4:20–29.

9. Lonser RR, Glenn GM, Walther M, Chew EY, Libutti SK, Linehan WM, et al. von Hippel-Lindau disease. Lancet 2003;361:2059–2067.

10. Maher ER, Iselius L, Yates JR, Littler M, Benjamin C, Harris R, et al. Von Hippel-Lindau disease: a genetic study. J Med Genet 1991;28:443–447.

11. Binderup ML, Jensen AM, Budtz-Jorgensen E, Bisgaard ML. Survival and causes of death in patients with von Hippel-Lindau disease. J Med Genet 2017;54:11–18.

12. Chou A, Toon C, Pickett J, Gill AJ. von Hippel-Lindau syndrome. Front Horm Res 2013;41:30–49.

13. Melmon KL, Rosen SW. Lindau’s disease. Review of the literature and study of a large kindred. Am J Med 1964;36:595–617.

14. Seizinger BR, Rouleau GA, Ozelius LJ, Lane AH, Farmer GE, Lamiell JM, et al. Von Hippel-Lindau disease maps to the region of chromosome 3 associated with renal cell carcinoma. Nature 1988;332:268–269.

15. Latif F, Tory K, Gnarra J, Yao M, Duh FM, Orcutt ML, et al. Identification of the von Hippel-Lindau disease tumor suppressor gene. Science1993;260:1317–1320.

16. Gossage L, Eisen T, Maher ER. VHL, the story of a tumour suppressor gene. Nat Rev Cancer 2015;15:55–64.

17. Hascoet P, Chesnel F, Jouan F, Le Goff C, Couturier A, Darrigrand E, et al. The pVHL172 isoform is not a tumor suppressor and up-regulates a subset of protumorigenic genes including TGFB1 and MMP13. Oncotarget 2017;8:75989–76002.

18. Schoenfeld A, Davidowitz EJ, Burk RD. A second major native von Hippel-Lindau gene product, initiated from an internal translation start site, functions as a tumor suppressor. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1998;95:8817–8822.

19. Maxwell PH, Wiesener MS, Chang GW, Clifford SC, Vaux EC, Cockman ME, et al. The tumour suppressor protein VHL targets hypoxia-inducible factors for oxygendependent proteolysis. Nature 1999;399:271–275.

20. Min JH, Yang H, Ivan M, Gertler F, Kaelin WG, Jr, Pavletich NP. Structure of an HIF-1alpha-pVHL complex: hydroxyproline recognition in signaling. Science 2002;296:1886–1889.

21. Semenza GL. Regulation of mammalian O2 homeostasis by hypoxia-inducible factor 1. Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol 1999;15:551–578.

22. Bohling T, Hatva E, Kujala M, Claesson-Welsh L, Alitalo K, Haltia M. Expression of growth factors and growth factor receptors in capillary hemangioblastoma. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol. 1996;55:522–527.

23. Reifenberger G, Reifenberger J, Bilzer T, Wechsler W, Collins VP. Coexpression of transforming growth factoralpha and epidermal growth factor receptor in capillary hemangioblastomas of the central nervous system. Am J Pathol 1995;147:245–250.

24. Carmeliet P, Dor Y, Herbert JM, Fukumura D, Brusselmans K, Dewerchin M, et al. Role of HIF-1alpha in hypoxiamediated apoptosis, cell proliferation and tumour angiogenesis. Nature 1998;394:485–490.

25. Kaelin WG, Jr. Molecular basis of the VHL hereditary cancer syndrome. Nat Rev Cancer 2002;2:673–682.

26. Knudson AG, Jr. Mutation and cancer: statistical study of retinoblastoma. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1971;68:820–823.

27. Sgambati MT, Stolle C, Choyke PL, Walther MM, Zbar B, Linehan WM, et al. Mosaicism in von Hippel-Lindau disease: lessons from kindreds with germline mutations identified in offspring with mosaic parents. Am J Hum Genet 2000;66:84–91.

28. Wu P, Zhang N, Wang X, Li T, Ning X, Bu D, et al. Mosaicism in von Hippel-Lindau disease with severe renal manifestations. Clin Genet 2013;84:581–584.

29. Stolle C, Glenn G, Zbar B, Humphrey JS, Choyke P, Walther M, et al. Improved detection of germline mutations in the von Hippel-Lindau disease tumor suppressor gene. Hum Mutation 1998;12:417–423.

30. Zbar B, Kishida T, Chen F, Schmidt L, Maher ER, Richards FM, et al. Germline mutations in the Von Hippel-Lindau disease (VHL) gene in families from North America, Europe, and Japan. Hum Mutation 1996;8:348–357.

31. Beroud C, Joly D, Gallou C, Staroz F, Orfanelli MT, Junien C. Software and database for the analysis of mutations in the VHL gene. Nucleic Acids Res 1998;26:256–258.

32. Czyzyk-Krzeska MF, Meller J. von Hippel-Lindau tumor suppressor: not only HIF’s executioner. Trends Mol Med 2004;10:146–149.

33. Wittstrom E, Nordling M, Andreasson S. Genotypephenotype correlations, and retinal function and structure in von Hippel-Lindau disease. Ophthalmic Genet 2014;35:91–106.

34. Kurihara T, Kubota Y, Ozawa Y, Takubo K, Noda K, Simon MC, et al. von Hippel-Lindau protein regulates transition from the fetal to the adult circulatory system in retina. Development 2010;137:1563–1571.

35. Chew EY. Ocular manifestations of von Hippel-Lindau disease: clinical and genetic investigations. Trans Am Ophthalmol Soc 2005;103:495–511.

36. Wong WT, Agron E, Coleman HR, Reed GF, Csaky K, Peterson J, et al. Genotype-phenotype correlation in von Hippel-Lindau disease with retinal angiomatosis. Arch Ophthalmol 2007;125:239–245.

37. Mettu P, Agron E, Samtani S, Chew EY, Wong WT. Genotype–phenotype correlation in ocular von Hippel– Lindau (VHL) disease: the effect of missense mutation position on ocular VHL phenotype. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2010;51:4464–4470.

38. Schmid S, Gillessen S, Binet I, Brandle M, Engeler D, Greiner J, et al. Management of von hippel-lindau disease: an interdisciplinary review. Oncol Res Treat 2014;37:761– 771.

39. Choyke PL, Glenn GM, Walther MM, Patronas NJ, Linehan WM, Zbar B. von Hippel-Lindau disease: genetic, clinical, and imaging features. Radiology 1995;194:629–642.

40. Singh AD, Shields CL, Shields JA. von Hippel-Lindau disease. Survey of Ophthalmol 2001;46:117–142.

41. Singh AD, Nouri M, Shields CL, Shields JA, Perez N. Treatment of retinal capillary hemangioma. Ophthalmology 2002;109:1799–1806.

42. Wong WT, Agron E, Coleman HR, Tran T, Reed GF, Csaky K, et al. Clinical characterization of retinal capillary hemangioblastomas in a large population of patients with von Hippel-Lindau disease. Ophthalmology 2008;115:181–188.

43. Webster AR, Richards FM, MacRonald FE, Moore AT, Maher ER. An analysis of phenotypic variation in the familial cancer syndrome von Hippel-Lindau disease: evidence for modifier effects. Am J Hum Genet 1998;63:1025–1035.

44. Dollfus H, Massin P, Taupin P, Nemeth C, Amara S, Giraud S, et al. Retinal hemangioblastoma in von Hippel-Lindau disease: a clinical and molecular study. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2002;43:3067–3074.

45. Whitson JT, Welch RB, Green WR. Von Hippel-Lindau disease: case report of a patient with spontaneous regression of a retinal angioma. Retina 1986;6:253–259.

46. Webster AR, Maher ER, Moore AT. Clinical characteristics of ocular angiomatosis in von Hippel-Lindau disease and correlation with germline mutation. Arch Ophthalmol 1999;117:371–378.

47. Toy BC, Agron E, Nigam D, Chew EY, Wong WT. Longitudinal analysis of retinal hemangioblastomatosis and visual function in ocular von Hippel-Lindau disease. Ophthalmology 2012;119:2622–2630.

48. Singh A, Shields J, Shields C. Solitary retinal capillary hemangioma: hereditary (von Hippel-Lindau disease) or nonhereditary? Arch Ophthalmol 2001;119:232–234.

49. Vail D. Angiomatosis retinae, eleven years after diathermy coagulation. T Am Ophthalmol Soc 1957;55:217–231; Discussion 31–38.

50. Shields CL, Shields JA, Barrett J, De Potter P. Vasoproliferative tumors of the ocular fundus. Classification and clinical manifestations in 103 patients. Arch Ophthalmol 1995;113:615–623.

51. Gass JD, Braunstein R. Sessile and exophytic capillary angiomas of the juxtapapillary retina and optic nerve head. Arch Ophthalmol 1980;98:1790–1797.

52. Schmidt D, Neumann HP. Retinal vascular hamartoma in von Hippel-Lindau disease. Arch Ophthalmol 1995;113:1163–1167.

53. de Jong PT, Verkaart RJ, van de Vooren MJ, Majoor- Krakauer DF, Wiegel AR. Twin vessels in von Hippel- Lindau disease. Am J Ophthalmol 1988;105:165–169.

54. Wong WT, Yeh S, Chan CC, Kalina RE, Kinyoun JL, Folk JC, et al. Retinal vascular proliferation as an ocular manifestation of von Hippel-Lindau disease. Arch Ophthalmol 2008;126:637–643.

55. Haining WM, Zweifach PH. Fluorescein angiography in von Hippel-Lindau disease. Arch Ophthalmol 1967;78:475–479.

56. Shechtman DL, Gold AS, McIntosh S, Steen J, Murray TG. Atypical exophytic retinal capillary hemangioma and diagnostic modalities. Optometry Vision Sci 2016;93:107–112.

57. Chin EK, Trikha R, Morse LS, Zawadzki RJ, Werner JS, Park SS. Optical coherence tomography findings of exophytic retinal capillary hemangiomas of the posterior pole. Ophthal Surg Las Im 2010:1–5.

58. Turell ME, Singh AD. Vascular tumors of the retina and choroid: diagnosis and treatment. Mid East Afr J Ophthalmol 2010;17:191–200.

59. Costa RA, Meirelles RL, Cardillo JA, Abrantes ML, Farah ME. Retinal capillary hemangioma treatment by indocyanine green-mediated photothrombosis. Am J Ophthalmol 2003;135:395–398.

60. Goes F, Benozzi J. Ultrasonography of haemangioma of the optic disc. Bull Soc Belge Ophtalmol 1980;190:87–97.

61. Goldberg MF, Duke JR. Von Hippel-Lindau disease. Histopathologic findings in a treated and an untreated eye. Am J Ophthalmol 1968;66:693–705.

62. Nicholson DH, Green WR, Kenyon KR. Light and electron microscopic study of early lesions in angiomatosis retinae. Am J Ophthalmol 1976;82:193–204.

63. Grossniklaus HE, Thomas JW, Vigneswaran N, Jarrett WH, 3rd. Retinal hemangioblastoma. A histologic, immunohistochemical, and ultrastructural evaluation. Ophthalmology 1992;99:140–145.

64. Annesley WH, Jr, Leonard BC, Shields JA, Tasman WS. Fifteen year review of treated cases of retinal angiomatosis. Trans Sect Ophthalmol Am Acad Ophthalmol Otolaryngol 1977;83:Op446–Op453.

65. Chan CC, Collins AB, Chew EY. Molecular pathology of eyes with von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) Disease: a review. Retina 2007;27:1–7.

66. Chen S, Chew EY, Chan CC. Pathology characteristics of ocular von Hippel-Lindau disease with neovascularization of the iris and cornea: a case report. J Med Case Rep 2015;9:66.

67. Hayden MG, Gephart R, Kalanithi P, Chou D. Von Hippel- Lindau disease in pregnancy: a brief review. J Clin Neurosc 2009;16:611–613.

68. Frantzen C, Kruizinga RC, van Asselt SJ, Zonnenberg BA, Lenders JW, de Herder WW, et al. Pregnancy-related hemangioblastoma progression and complications in von Hippel-Lindau disease. Neurology 2012;79:793–796.

69. Binderup ML, Budtz-Jorgensen E, Bisgaard ML. New von Hippel-Lindau manifestations develop at the same or decreased rates in pregnancy. Neurology 2015;85:1500–1503.

70. Schmidt D, Natt E, Neumann HP. Long-term results of laser treatment for retinal angiomatosis in von Hippel-Lindau disease. Eur J Med Res 2000;5:47–58.

71. Bonnet M, Garmier G. [Treatment of retinal capillary angiomas of von Hippel’s disease]. J Fr d’ophtalmologie 1984;7:545–555.

72. Lane CM, Turner G, Gregor ZJ, Bird AC. Laser treatment of retinal angiomatosis. Eye 1989;3:33–38.

73. Blodi CF, Russell SR, Pulido JS, Folk JC. Direct and feeder vessel photocoagulation of retinal angiomas with dye yellow laser. Ophthalmology 1990;97:791–795; Discussion 6–7.

74. Gorin MB. Von Hippel-Lindau disease: clinical considerations and the use of fluorescein-potentiated argon laser therapy for treatment of retinal angiomas. Semin Ophthalmol 1992;7:182–191.

75. Welch RB. Von Hippel-Lindau disease: the recognition and treatment of early angiomatosis retinae and the use of cryosurgery as an adjunct to therapy. Trans Am Ophthalmol Soc 1970;68:367–424.

76. Amoils SP, Smith TR. Cryotherapy of angiomatosis retinae. Arch Ophthalmol 1969;81:689–691.

77. Shields JA. Response of retinal capillary hemangioma to cryotherapy. Arch Ophthalmol 1993;111:551.

78. Watzke RC. Cryotherapy for retinal angiomatosis. A clinicopathologic report. Arch Ophthalmol 1974;92:399–401.

79. Kreusel KM, Bornfeld N, Lommatzsch A, Wessing A, Foerster MH. Ruthenium-106 brachytherapy for peripheral retinal capillary hemangioma. Ophthalmology 1998;105:1386–1392.

80. Machemer R, Williams JM, Sr. Pathogenesis and therapy of traction detachment in various retinal vascular diseases. Am J Ophthalmol 1988;105:170–181.

81. Johnson MW, Flynn HW, Jr, Gass JD. Pars plana vitrectomy and direct diathermy for complications of multiple retinal angiomas. Ophthal Surg 1992;23:47–50.

82. Schmidt-Erfurth UM, Kusserow C, Barbazetto IA, Laqua H. Benefits and complications of photodynamic therapy of papillary capillary hemangiomas. Ophthalmology 2002;109:1256–1266.

83. Aaberg TM, Jr, Aaberg TM, Sr, Martin DF, Gilman JP, Myles R. Three cases of large retinal capillary hemangiomas treated with verteporfin and photodynamic therapy. Arch Ophthalmol 2005;123:328–332.

84. Mainster MA. Wavelength selection in macular photocoagulation. Tissue optics, thermal effects, and laser systems. Ophthalmology 1986;93:952–958.

85. Gass JD. Treatment of retinal vascular anomalies. Trans Sect Ophthalmol Am Acad Ophthalmol Otolaryngol 1977;83:Op432–Op42.

86. Gaudric A, Krivosic V, Duguid G, Massin P, Giraud S, Richard S. Vitreoretinal surgery for severe retinal capillary hemangiomas in von hippel-lindau disease. Ophthalmology 2011;118:142–149.

87. Huang C, Tian Z, Lai K, Zhong X, Zhou L, Xu F, et al. Longterm therapeutic outcomes of photodynamic therapybased or photocoagulation-based treatments on retinal capillary hemangioma. Photomed Laser Surg 2018;36:10–17.

88. McCabe CM, Flynn HW, Jr, Shields CL, Shields JA, Regillo CD, McDonald HR, et al. Juxtapapillary capillary hemangiomas. Clinical features and visual acuity outcomes. Ophthalmology 2000;107:2240–2248.

89. Palmer JD, Gragoudas ES. Advances in treatment of retinal angiomas. Int Ophthalmol Clin 1997;37:159–170.

90. Sethi RV, MacDonald SM, Kim DY, Mukai S. Radiation therapy: retinal tumors. Dev Ophthalmol 2013;52:58–74.

91. Seibel I, Cordini D, Hager A, Riechardt AI, Klein JP, Heufelder J, et al. Long-term results after proton beam therapy for retinal papillary capillary hemangioma. Am J Ophthalmol 2014;158:381–386.

92. Cordes FC, Schwartz A. Angiomatosis retinae, von Hippel’s disease, eleven years after irradiation. Trans Am Ophthalmol Soc 1952;50:227–239.

93. Parmar DN, Mireskandari K, McHugh D. Transpupillary thermotherapy for retinal capillary hemangioma in von Hippel-Lindau disease. Ophthal Surg Laser 2000;31:334–336.

94. Papastefanou VP, Pilli S, Stinghe A, Lotery AJ, Cohen VM. Photodynamic therapy for retinal capillary hemangioma. Eye 2013;27:438–442.

95. Hussain RN, Jmor F, Damato B, Heimann H. Verteporfin photodynamic therapy for the treatment of sporadic retinal capillary haemangioblastoma. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2015;12:555–560.

96. Schlesinger T, Appukuttan B, Hwang T, Atchaneeyakasul LO, Chan CC, Zhuang Z, et al. Internal en bloc resection and genetic analysis of retinal capillary hemangioblastoma. Arch Ophthalmol 2007;125:1189–1193.

97. Na X, Wu G, Ryan CK, Schoen SR, di’Santagnese PA, Messing EM. Overproduction of vascular endothelial growth factor related to von Hippel-Lindau tumor suppressor gene mutations and hypoxia-inducible factor-1 alpha expression in renal cell carcinomas. J Urol 2003;170:588–592.

98. George DJ, Kaelin WG, Jr. The von Hippel-Lindau protein, vascular endothelial growth factor, and kidney cancer. N Engl J Med 2003;349:419–421.

99. Yang JC, Haworth L, Sherry RM, Hwu P, Schwartzentruber DJ, Topalian SL, et al. A randomized trial of bevacizumab, an anti-vascular endothelial growth factor antibody, for metastatic renal cancer. N Engl J Med 2003;349:427–434.

100. Agarwal A, Kumari N, Singh R. Intravitreal bevacizumab and feeder vessel laser treatment for a posteriorly located retinal capillary hemangioma. Int Ophthalmol 2016;36:747–750.

101. Slim E, Antoun J, Kourie HR, Schakkal A, Cherfan G. Intravitreal bevacizumab for retinal capillary hemangioblastoma: a case series and literature review. Canadian J Ophthalmol 2014;49:450–457.

102. Dahr SS, Cusick M, Rodriguez-Coleman H, Srivastava SK, Thompson DJ, Linehan WM, et al. Intravitreal anti-vascular endothelial growth factor therapy with pegaptanib for advanced von Hippel-Lindau disease of the retina. Retina 2007;27:150–158.

103. Wong WT, Liang KJ, Hammel K, Coleman HR, Chew EY. Intravitreal ranibizumab therapy for retinal capillary hemangioblastoma related to von Hippel-Lindau disease. Ophthalmology 2008;115:1957–1964.

104. Karimi S, Nikkhah H, Ahmadieh H, Safi S. Intravitreal injection of propranolol for the treatment of retinal capillary hemangioma in a case of Von Hippel-Lindau. Retin Cases Brief Rep 2018.

105. Garcia-Arumi J, Sararols LH, Cavero L, Escalada F, Corcostegui BF. Therapeutic options for capillary papillary hemangiomas. Ophthalmology 2000;107:48–54.

106. Sachdeva R, Dadgostar H, Kaiser PK, Sears JE, Singh AD. Verteporfin photodynamic therapy of six eyes with retinal capillary haemangioma. Acta ophthalmologica 2010;88:e334–e340.