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Hedayatfar A, Ashraf Khorasani M, Behnia M, Sed-aghat A. Seasonality of Acute Retinal Necrosis. JOVR [Internet]. 2020Feb.3 [cited 2024Apr.18];15(1):53–58. Available from: https://knepublishing.com/index.php/JOVR/article/view/5944
https://doi.org/10.18502/jovr.v15i1.5944
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- Cited by 3 articles
authors
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Alireza Hedayatfar
Alireza Hedayatfar
Eye Research Center, Rassoul Akram Hospital, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Noor Ophthalmology Research Center, Noor Eye Hospital, Tehran, Iran
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Maryam Ashraf Khorasani
Maryam Ashraf Khorasani
Eye Research Center, Rassoul Akram Hospital, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Mehdi Behnia
Mehdi Behnia
Noor Ophthalmology Research Center, Noor Eye Hospital, Tehran, Iran
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Ahad Sed-aghat
Ahad Sed-aghat
Eye Research Center, Rassoul Akram Hospital, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Published Date
- Feb 3, 2020
Seasonality of Acute Retinal Necrosis
Abstract
Purpose: To study the seasonal variability in the occurrence of acute retinal necrosis (ARN) in a series of polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-positive patients.
Methods: Consecutive patients clinically diagnosed with ARN and a positive PCR result of aqueous humor during a seven-year period were studied retrospectively. Patients’ demographics, causative viral agent(s), and the date of disease onset were extracted from medical records.
Results: Twenty eyes of 20 patients were enrolled; the mean age at presentation was 39.6 ± 14.4 (range, 6–62) years. Nine patients were female. The most common causative agent was varicella-zoster virus in 16 patients (80%), followed by herpes simplex virus in two patients (10%). The disease onset was in winter in 10 patients (50%), and the highest incidence was in February (five patients, 25%). The cumulative occurrence of ARN was significantly higher in the first half of the year (winter and spring) compared to the second half of the year (summer and fall) (P = 0.030). In general, seasons with a high incidence of ARN were preceded by cold seasons.
Conclusion: In our series, we observed seasonal variability in the incidence of ARN, with the highest incidence during winter and spring. However, further epidemiologic studies in different geographical areas are required to elucidate the true seasonal nature of ARN.
Keywords:
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References
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13. Palay DA, Sternberg P, Jr, Davis J, Lewis H, Holland GN, Mieler WF, et al. Decrease in the risk of bilateral acute retinal necrosis by acyclovir therapy. Am J Ophthalmol 1991;112:250–255.
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17. Butler NJ, Moradi A, Salek SS, Burkholder BM, Leung TG, Dunn JP, et al. Acute retinal necrosis: presenting characteristics and clinical outcomes in a cohort of polymerase chain reaction-positive patients. Am J Ophthalmol 2017;179:179–189.
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25. Brisson M, Edmunds WJ, Law B, Gay NJ, Walld R, Brownell M, et al. Epidemiology of varicella zoster virus infection in Canada and the United Kingdom. Epidemiol Infect 2001;127:305–314.
26. Korostil IA, Regan DG. Varicella-zoster virus in Perth, Western Australia: seasonality and reactivation. PLOS ONE 2016;10:11.
27. Araki H, Takamura E, Shinozaki K, Hori S. Influence of seasonal variation and recurrence of herpes simplex virus keratitis. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2004;45:1648.
28. Gamus D, Romano A, Sucher E, Ashkenazi IE. Herpetic eye attacks: variability of circannual rhythms. Br J Ophthalmol 1995;79:50–53.
29. Bell DM, Holman RC, Pavan-Langston D. Herpes simplex keratitis: epidemiologic aspects. Ann Ophthalmol 1982;14:421–422, 424.
30. Dowell, SF. Seasonal variation in host-susceptibility and cycles of certain infectious diseases. Emerg Infect Dis 2001;7:369–374.
31. Shah AP, Smolensky MH, Burau KD, Cech IM, Lai D. Seasonality of primarily childhood and young adult infectious diseases in the United States. Chronobiol Int 2006;23:1065–1082.
2. Freeman WR, Lerner CW, Mines JA, Lash RS, Nadel AJ, Starr MB, et al. A prospective study of the ophthalmologic findings in the acquired immune deficiency syndrome. Am J Ophthalmol 1984;97:133–142.
3. Bonfioli AA, Eller AW. Acute retinal necrosis. Semin Ophthalmol 2005;20:155–160.
4. Muthiah MN, Michaelides M, Child CS, Mitchell SM. Acute retinal necrosis: a national population-based study to assess the incidence, methods of diagnosis, treatment strategies and outcomes in the UK. Br J Ophthalmol 2007;91:1452–1455.
5. Cochrane TF, Silvestri G, McDowell C, Foot B, McAvoy CE. Acute retinal necrosis in the United Kingdom: results of a prospective surveillance study. Eye 2012;26:370–377.
6. Culbertson WW, Blumenkranz MS, Haines H, Gass DM, Mitchell KB, Norton EW. The acute retinal necrosis syndrome. Part 2: histopathology and etiology. Ophthalmology 1982;89:1317–1325.
7. Matsuo T, Nakayama T, Koyama T, Matsuo N. Cytological and immunological study of the aqueous humor in acute retinal necrosis syndrome. Ophthalmologica 1987;195:38–44.
8. Ganatra JB, Chandler D, Santos C, Kuppermann B, Margolis TP. Viral causes of the acute retinal necrosis syndrome. Am J Ophthalmol 2000;129:166–172.
9. Nishi M, Hanashiro R, Mori S, Masuda K, Mochizuki M, Hondo R. Polymerase chain reaction for the detection of the varicella-zoster genome in ocular samples from patients with acute retinal necrosis. Am J Ophthalmol 1992;114:603–609.
10. de Boer JH, Verhagen C, Bruinenberg M, Rothova A, de Jong PT, Baarsma GS, et al. Serologic and polymerase chain reaction analysis of intraocular fluids in the diagnosis of infectious uveitis. Am J Ophthalmol 1996;121:650–658.
11. Gargiulo F, De Francesco MA, Nascimbeni G, Turano R, Perandin F, Gandolfo E, et al. Polymerase chain reaction as a rapid diagnostic tool for therapy of acute retinal necrosis syndrome. J Med Virol 2003;69:397–400.
12. Tran TH, Rozenberg F, Cassoux N, Rao NA, LeHoang P, Bodaghi B. Polymerase chain reaction analysis of aqueous humour samples in necrotising retinitis. Br J Ophthalmol 2003;87:79–83.
13. Palay DA, Sternberg P, Jr, Davis J, Lewis H, Holland GN, Mieler WF, et al. Decrease in the risk of bilateral acute retinal necrosis by acyclovir therapy. Am J Ophthalmol 1991;112:250–255.
14. Han DP, Lewis H, Williams GA, Mieler WF, Abrams GW, Aaberg TM. Laser photocoagulation in the acute retinal necrosis syndrome. Arch Ophthalmol 1987;105:1051–1054.
15. Lau CH, Missotten T, Salzmann J, Lightman SL. Acute retinal necrosis features, management, and outcomes. Ophthalmology 2007;114:756–762.
16. Sims JL, Yeoh J, Stawell RJ. Acute retinal necrosis: a case series with clinical features and treatment outcomes. Clin Experiment Ophthalmol 2009;37:473–477.
17. Butler NJ, Moradi A, Salek SS, Burkholder BM, Leung TG, Dunn JP, et al. Acute retinal necrosis: presenting characteristics and clinical outcomes in a cohort of polymerase chain reaction-positive patients. Am J Ophthalmol 2017;179:179–189.
18. Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Germany. High Pure Viral Nucleic Acid Kit. Version: 19. 2015; August. Cat. No. 11 858 874 001. Available from: https://lifescience.roche.com
19. “DNA-Technology” Multicorporate Enterprise, Russia. Catalogue Equipment. Last version. Available from: http:// www.dna-technology.ru
20. Deguen S, Chau NP, Flahault A. Epidemiology of chickenpox in France (1991–1995). J Epidemiol Community Health 1998;52:46S–49S.
21. Lee BW. Review of varicella zoster seroepidemiology in India and Southeast Asia. Trop Med Int Health 1998;3:886–890.
22. Tobias M, Reid S, Lennon D, Meech R, Teele DW. Chickenpox immunization in New Zealand. N Z Med J 1998;111:274–281.
23. Bramley JC, Jones IG. Epidemiology of chickenpox in Scotland: 1981 to 1998. Commun Dis Public Health 2000;3:282–287.
24. Lin F, Hadler JL. Epidemiology of primary varicella and herpes zoster hospitalizations: the pre-varicella vaccine era. J Infect Dis 2000;181:1897–905.
25. Brisson M, Edmunds WJ, Law B, Gay NJ, Walld R, Brownell M, et al. Epidemiology of varicella zoster virus infection in Canada and the United Kingdom. Epidemiol Infect 2001;127:305–314.
26. Korostil IA, Regan DG. Varicella-zoster virus in Perth, Western Australia: seasonality and reactivation. PLOS ONE 2016;10:11.
27. Araki H, Takamura E, Shinozaki K, Hori S. Influence of seasonal variation and recurrence of herpes simplex virus keratitis. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2004;45:1648.
28. Gamus D, Romano A, Sucher E, Ashkenazi IE. Herpetic eye attacks: variability of circannual rhythms. Br J Ophthalmol 1995;79:50–53.
29. Bell DM, Holman RC, Pavan-Langston D. Herpes simplex keratitis: epidemiologic aspects. Ann Ophthalmol 1982;14:421–422, 424.
30. Dowell, SF. Seasonal variation in host-susceptibility and cycles of certain infectious diseases. Emerg Infect Dis 2001;7:369–374.
31. Shah AP, Smolensky MH, Burau KD, Cech IM, Lai D. Seasonality of primarily childhood and young adult infectious diseases in the United States. Chronobiol Int 2006;23:1065–1082.