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Yaghoobi G-H, Shokoohi-Rad S, Jafarzadeh H, Abodollahi E. Serum Fibroblast Growth Factor 21 in Patients with and without Pterygia. JOVR [Internet]. 2020Feb.3 [cited 2024Apr.26];15(1):38–44. Available from: https://knepublishing.com/index.php/JOVR/article/view/5940
https://doi.org/10.18502/jovr.v15i1.5940
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authors
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Ghalam-Hosein Yaghoobi
Ghalam-Hosein Yaghoobi
Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Ophthalmology Department, Valiasr Hospital, Birjand, Iran
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Saeed Shokoohi-Rad
Saeed Shokoohi-Rad
Eye Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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Hamid Jafarzadeh
Hamid Jafarzadeh
ye Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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Elham Abodollahi
Elham Abodollahi
Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
Published Date
- Feb 3, 2020
Serum Fibroblast Growth Factor 21 in Patients with and without Pterygia
Abstract
Purpose: Pterygium is a common fibro-vascular-related eye disease. The fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) helps reduce neovascularization. Previous studies have shown that the serum level of FGF21 correlates with vascular eye diseases such as diabetic retinopathy and retinopathy of prematurity. In this study, the serum FGF21 is compared in patients with and without pterygium.
Methods: This descriptive-analytical cross-sectional study examines individuals with pterygium who visited the Ophthalmology Clinic of Khatam-al-Anbia Hospital in Mashhad, Iran, during 2017–2018. Control subjects were selected from healthy people without pterygium disease. Patients with a history of acute illness, chronic liver and kidney disease, diabetes, cancer, malnutrition and drug use, women who were pregnant or breastfeeding, and subjects who were taking anticonvulsants or glucocorticoids were excluded as these may affect insulin and glycosuria levels. Sixty people (30 in each group) were chosen using the convenient sampling method. Intravenous blood samples were taken from all patients. After preparing the patients, the freeze was checked using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) method after samples had been taken. Data were analyzed by SPSS using an independent t-test, Mann–Whitney, Chi-square, Kruskal–Wallis, and Kolmogorov–Smirnov tests (α = 0.05).
Results: The serum FGF21 levels were 319.09 ± 246.93 pg/ml and 608.88 ± 449.81 pg/ml (P = 0.005) in the pterygium group and control subjects, respectively. The average serum FGF21 was 281.55 ± 40.74 pg/ml in males and 361.375 ± 10.298 pg/ml in females in the pterygium group. The difference was not statistically significant (P = 0.19).
Conclusion: Our study showed that FGF21 levels were lower in patients with pterygium than the control subjects to a statistically significant level.
Keywords:
Fibroblast, Growth Factor 21, Pterygium, Serum Levels
References
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2. Rosen R. Amniotic membrane grafts to reduce pterygium recurrence. Cornea 2018;37:189.
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5. Yang X, Hu L, Kang Y, Xu J, Wang X, Lin H, et al. Positive correlations between and prediction of FGF21, adiponectin, leptin and NPY concentrations in the cerebrospinal fluid of Chinese subjects using back propagating artificial neural networks. Int J Clin Exp Med 2016;9:2121– 2129.
6. Fu Z, Gong Y, Liegl R, Wang Z, Liu C-H, Meng SS, et al. FGF21 administration suppresses retinal and choroidal neovascularization in mice. Cell Rep 2017;18:1606–1613.
7. Chen C, Cheung BM, Tso AW, Wang Y, Law LS, Ong KL, et al. High plasma level of fibroblast growth factor 21 is an Independent predictor of type 2 diabetes: a 5.4-year population-based prospective study in Chinese subjects. Diabetes Care 2011;34:2113–2115.
8. Zhang J, Weng W, Wang K, Lu X, Cai L, Sun J. The role of FGF21 in type 1 diabetes and its complications. Int J Biol Sci 2018;14:1000.
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10. Lin Y, Xiao Y-C, Zhu H, Xu Q-y, Qi L, Wang Y-b, et al. Serum fibroblast growth factor 21 levels are correlated with the severity of diabetic retinopathy. J Diabetes Res 2014;2014.
11. Fu Z, Wang Z, Liu C-H, Gong Y, Cakir B, Liegl R, et al. Fibroblast growth factor 21 protects photoreceptor function in type 1 diabetic mice. Diabetes 2018;67:974–985.
12. Nuzzi R, Tridico F. Efficacy of subconjunctival bevacizumab injections before and after surgical excision in preventing pterygium recurrence. J Ophthalmol 2017;2017.
13. Gaich G, Chien JY, Fu H, Glass LC, Deeg MA, Holland WL, et al. The effects of LY2405319, an FGF21 analog, in obese human subjects with type 2 diabetes. Cell Metabol 2013;18:333–340.
14. Fu Z, Gong Y, Löfqvist C, Hellström A, Smith LE. Adiponectin in retinopathy. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA)-Molecular Basis of Disease 2016;1862:1392–1400.
15. Fu Z, Lofqvist CA, Shao Z, Sun Y, Joyal J-S, Hurst CG, et al. Dietary ω−3 polyunsaturated fatty acids decrease retinal neovascularization by adipose–endoplasmic reticulum stress reduction to increase adiponectin. Am J Clin Nutr 2015;101:879–888.
16. Chavez AO, Molina-Carrion M, Abdul-Ghani MA, Folli F, DeFronzo RA, Tripathy D. Circulating fibroblast growth factor-21 is elevated in impaired glucose tolerance and type 2 diabetes and correlates with muscle and hepatic insulin resistance. Diabetes Care 2009;32:1542–1546.
17. Kralisch S, Fasshauer M. Fibroblast growth factor 21: effects on carbohydrate and lipid metabolism in health and disease. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metabol Care 2011;14:354–359.
18. Johnson CL, Weston JY, Chadi SA, Fazio EN, Huff MW, Kharitonenkov A, et al. Fibroblast growth factor 21 reduces the severity of cerulein-induced pancreatitis in mice. Gastroenterology 2009;137:1795–1804.
19. Chui PC, Antonellis PJ, Bina HA, Kharitonenkov A, Flier JS, Maratos-Flier E. Obesity is a fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21)-resistant state. Diabetes 2010;59:2781–2789.
20. Rabinowitz D, Zierler KL. Forearm metabolism in obesity and its response to intra-arterial insulin. Characterization of insulin resistance and evidence for adaptive hyperinsulinism. J Clin Invest 1962;41:2173–2181.
21. Malekifar P, Esfandiari H, Behnaz N, Javadi F, Azish S, Javadi MA, et al. Risk factors for pterygium in Ilam Province, Iran. J Ophthal Vis Res 2017;12:270.
22. Andrikopoulos GK, Alexopoulos DK, Gartaganis SP. Pseudoexfoliation syndrome and cardiovascular diseases. World J Cardiol 2014;6:847.
23. Nam GE, Kim S, Paik J-S, Kim H-S, Na K-S. Association between pterygium and obesity status in a South Korean population. Medicine 2016;95.
24. Wente W, Efanov AM, Brenner M, Kharitonenkov A, Köster A, Sandusky GE, et al. Fibroblast growth factor-21 improves pancreatic β-cell function and survival by activation of extracellular signal–regulated kinase 1/2 and Akt signaling pathways. Diabetes 2006;55:2470–2478.
25. Zibar K, Blaslov K, Bulum T, Ćuća JK, Smirčić-Duvnjak L. Basal and postprandial change in serum fibroblast growth factor-21 concentration in type 1 diabetic mellitus and in healthy controls. Endocrine 2015;48:848–855.
26. Panchapakesan J, Hourihan F, Mitchell P. Prevalence of ptrygium and pinguecula: the Blue Mountains Eye Study. Aust NZ J Ophtalmol 1998;26:S2–S5.
27. Reda AM, Shaaban YMM, El-Din SAS. Histopathological parameters in pterygia and significant clinical correlations. J Ophthal Vis Res 2018;13:110.
28. Ali RA, Asadollah M, Hossien RA. The role of unknown risk factors in myocardial infarction. Cardiol Res 2010;1:15.
2. Rosen R. Amniotic membrane grafts to reduce pterygium recurrence. Cornea 2018;37:189.
3. Oduntan O, Masige K. A review of the role of oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of eye diseases. Afr Vis Eye Health 2011;70:191–199.
4. Fukumoto S. Actions and mode of actions of FGF19 subfamily members. Endocrine J 2007:0709120022.
5. Yang X, Hu L, Kang Y, Xu J, Wang X, Lin H, et al. Positive correlations between and prediction of FGF21, adiponectin, leptin and NPY concentrations in the cerebrospinal fluid of Chinese subjects using back propagating artificial neural networks. Int J Clin Exp Med 2016;9:2121– 2129.
6. Fu Z, Gong Y, Liegl R, Wang Z, Liu C-H, Meng SS, et al. FGF21 administration suppresses retinal and choroidal neovascularization in mice. Cell Rep 2017;18:1606–1613.
7. Chen C, Cheung BM, Tso AW, Wang Y, Law LS, Ong KL, et al. High plasma level of fibroblast growth factor 21 is an Independent predictor of type 2 diabetes: a 5.4-year population-based prospective study in Chinese subjects. Diabetes Care 2011;34:2113–2115.
8. Zhang J, Weng W, Wang K, Lu X, Cai L, Sun J. The role of FGF21 in type 1 diabetes and its complications. Int J Biol Sci 2018;14:1000.
9. Kharitonenkov A, Adams AC. Inventing new medicines: the FGF21 story. Mol Metabol 2014;3:221–229.
10. Lin Y, Xiao Y-C, Zhu H, Xu Q-y, Qi L, Wang Y-b, et al. Serum fibroblast growth factor 21 levels are correlated with the severity of diabetic retinopathy. J Diabetes Res 2014;2014.
11. Fu Z, Wang Z, Liu C-H, Gong Y, Cakir B, Liegl R, et al. Fibroblast growth factor 21 protects photoreceptor function in type 1 diabetic mice. Diabetes 2018;67:974–985.
12. Nuzzi R, Tridico F. Efficacy of subconjunctival bevacizumab injections before and after surgical excision in preventing pterygium recurrence. J Ophthalmol 2017;2017.
13. Gaich G, Chien JY, Fu H, Glass LC, Deeg MA, Holland WL, et al. The effects of LY2405319, an FGF21 analog, in obese human subjects with type 2 diabetes. Cell Metabol 2013;18:333–340.
14. Fu Z, Gong Y, Löfqvist C, Hellström A, Smith LE. Adiponectin in retinopathy. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA)-Molecular Basis of Disease 2016;1862:1392–1400.
15. Fu Z, Lofqvist CA, Shao Z, Sun Y, Joyal J-S, Hurst CG, et al. Dietary ω−3 polyunsaturated fatty acids decrease retinal neovascularization by adipose–endoplasmic reticulum stress reduction to increase adiponectin. Am J Clin Nutr 2015;101:879–888.
16. Chavez AO, Molina-Carrion M, Abdul-Ghani MA, Folli F, DeFronzo RA, Tripathy D. Circulating fibroblast growth factor-21 is elevated in impaired glucose tolerance and type 2 diabetes and correlates with muscle and hepatic insulin resistance. Diabetes Care 2009;32:1542–1546.
17. Kralisch S, Fasshauer M. Fibroblast growth factor 21: effects on carbohydrate and lipid metabolism in health and disease. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metabol Care 2011;14:354–359.
18. Johnson CL, Weston JY, Chadi SA, Fazio EN, Huff MW, Kharitonenkov A, et al. Fibroblast growth factor 21 reduces the severity of cerulein-induced pancreatitis in mice. Gastroenterology 2009;137:1795–1804.
19. Chui PC, Antonellis PJ, Bina HA, Kharitonenkov A, Flier JS, Maratos-Flier E. Obesity is a fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21)-resistant state. Diabetes 2010;59:2781–2789.
20. Rabinowitz D, Zierler KL. Forearm metabolism in obesity and its response to intra-arterial insulin. Characterization of insulin resistance and evidence for adaptive hyperinsulinism. J Clin Invest 1962;41:2173–2181.
21. Malekifar P, Esfandiari H, Behnaz N, Javadi F, Azish S, Javadi MA, et al. Risk factors for pterygium in Ilam Province, Iran. J Ophthal Vis Res 2017;12:270.
22. Andrikopoulos GK, Alexopoulos DK, Gartaganis SP. Pseudoexfoliation syndrome and cardiovascular diseases. World J Cardiol 2014;6:847.
23. Nam GE, Kim S, Paik J-S, Kim H-S, Na K-S. Association between pterygium and obesity status in a South Korean population. Medicine 2016;95.
24. Wente W, Efanov AM, Brenner M, Kharitonenkov A, Köster A, Sandusky GE, et al. Fibroblast growth factor-21 improves pancreatic β-cell function and survival by activation of extracellular signal–regulated kinase 1/2 and Akt signaling pathways. Diabetes 2006;55:2470–2478.
25. Zibar K, Blaslov K, Bulum T, Ćuća JK, Smirčić-Duvnjak L. Basal and postprandial change in serum fibroblast growth factor-21 concentration in type 1 diabetic mellitus and in healthy controls. Endocrine 2015;48:848–855.
26. Panchapakesan J, Hourihan F, Mitchell P. Prevalence of ptrygium and pinguecula: the Blue Mountains Eye Study. Aust NZ J Ophtalmol 1998;26:S2–S5.
27. Reda AM, Shaaban YMM, El-Din SAS. Histopathological parameters in pterygia and significant clinical correlations. J Ophthal Vis Res 2018;13:110.
28. Ali RA, Asadollah M, Hossien RA. The role of unknown risk factors in myocardial infarction. Cardiol Res 2010;1:15.