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Gutiérrez MA, Giuliani D, Porta AA, Andrinolo D. Relationship between Ocular Surface Alterations and Concentrations of Aerial Particulate Matter. JOVR [Internet]. 2019Oct.24 [cited 2024Apr.24];14(4):419–427. Available from: https://knepublishing.com/index.php/JOVR/article/view/5441
https://doi.org/10.18502/jovr.v14i4.5441
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María A Gutiérrez
María A Gutiérrez
University Extension Environmental Programme (PAEU), Faculty of Exact Sciences, National University of La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Center for Environmental Research (CIM), UNLP - CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Daniela Giuliani
Daniela Giuliani
Center for Environmental Research (CIM), UNLP - CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Atilio A Porta
Atilio A Porta
Center for Environmental Research (CIM), UNLP - CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
-
Darío Andrinolo
Darío Andrinolo
University Extension Environmental Programme (PAEU), Faculty of Exact Sciences, National University of La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
Published Date
- Oct 24, 2019
Relationship between Ocular Surface Alterations and Concentrations of Aerial Particulate Matter
Abstract
Purpose: To evaluate ocular surface alterations in two populations at different exposure levels to particulate matter (PM) in their living and work environments.
Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted, including 78 volunteers from Argentina who lived and worked under different pollution levels in an urban (U; n = 44) or industrial zone (I; n = 34). Mean exposure level to PM was evaluated. Responses to the Ocular Symptom Disease Index and McMonnies questionnaire were obtained from all subjects. Subsequently, an assessment through the Schirmer I test (ST), slit lamp microscopy, vital staining, and tear breakup time was conducted. Statistical analyses with Chi-square and Bartlett’s tests, as well as Student’s t-tests and principal component analysis (PCA), were performed.
Results: Particles of size < 2.5 μm (PM2.5) level was significantly higher in the I group than the U group (P = 0.04). Ocular surface parameters including bulbar redness, eyelid redness, and the degree of vital staining with fluorescein (SF) and lissamine green (SLG) exhibited difference between the groups. With regards to the tear film, statistically significant differences in the ST value and meibomian gland dysfunction between the groups were detected (P = 0.003 and P = 0.02, respectively). Conjunctival SF and SLG, and ST values were identified as factors which could distinguish groups exposed to different PM levels.
Conclusion: Subjects exposed to higher levels of PM in the outdoor air presented greater ocular surface alterations. Thus, ST, SF, and SLG values could be used as convenient indicators of adverse health effects due to exposure to air pollution.
Keywords:
Environmental, Ocular Surface, Particulate Matter, Schirmer I Test, Vital Staining
References
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29. Rehwagen M, Müller A, Massolo L, Herbarth O, Ronco A. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons associated with particles in ambient air from urban and industrial areas. Sci Total Environ 2005;348:199–210.
30. Cianni N, Aguilar M, Massolo L, Colman E, Müller A, Matamoros N, et al. Calidad del aire en zonas urbana e industrial y patología respiratoria en niños. Mesa redonda en I Congreso Internacional de Toxicología de La Infancia y La Adolescencia. XVI Congreso Argentino de Toxicología. 24 al 27 de Junio de 2009, Puerto Madryn. Patagonia, Argentina; 2009.
31. Miller KL, Walt JG, Mink DR, Satram-Hoang S, Wilson SE, Perry HD, et al. Minimal clinically important difference for the ocular surface disease index. Arch Ophthalmol 2010;128:94–101.
32. Nichols KK, Mitchell GL, Zadnik K. The repeatability of clinical measurements of dry eye. Cornea 2004;23:272– 285.
33. Vehof J, Sillevis Smitt-Kamminga N, Nibourg SA, Hammond CJ. Predictors of discordance between symptoms and signs in dry eye disease. Ophthalmology 2017;124:280–286.
34. Baudouin C. The vicious circle in dry eye syndrome: a mechanistic approach | Un nouveau schéma pour mieux comprendre les maladies de la surface oculaire. J Fr Ophtalmol 2007;30: 239–246.
35. Fu Q, Lyu D, Zhang L, Qin Z, Tang Q, Yin H, et al. Airborne particulate matter (PM2.5) triggers autophagy in human corneal epithelial cell line. Environ Pollut 2017;227:314– 322.
36. Mccarty CA, Stanislausky YL, Bansal AK, Livingston PM, Taylor HR. The epidemiology of dry eye in Melbourne, Australia. Ophthalmology 1997;105:1114–1119.
37. Schein OD, Hochberg MC, Muñoz B, E Al. Dry eye and dry mouth in the elderly: a population-based assessment. Arch Int Med 1999;159:1359–1363.
38. Schein OD, Muñoz B, Tielsch JM, Bandeen-Roche K, West S. Prevalence of dry eye among the elderly. Am J Ophthalmol 1997;124:723–728.
39. Moss SE, Klein R, Klein BE. Prevalence of and risk factors for dry eye syndrome. Am J Ophthalmol 2000;18:1264–1268.
40. Lin P-Y, Tsai S-Y, Cheng C-Y, Liu J-H, Chou P, Hsu W-M. Prevalence of dry eye among an elderly Chinese population in Taiwan: the Shihpai Eye Study. Ophthalmology 2003;110:1096–1101.
41. Schaumberg DA, Sullivan DA, Buring JE, Dana MR. Prevalence of dry eye syndrome among US women. Am J Ophthalmol 2003;136:318–326.
42. Johnson ME, Murphy PJ, Boulton M. Carbomer and sodium hyaluronate eyedrops for moderate dry eye treatment. Optometry Vis Sci 2008;85:750–757.
2. Rieger G. The importance of the precorneal tear film for the quality of optical imaging. Brit J Ophthalmol 1992;76:157– 158.
3. McMonnies CW, Ho A. Responses to a dry eye questionnaire from a normal population. J Am Optom Assoc 1987;58:588–591.
4. MA Lemp. Report of the National Eye Institute/Industry workshop on clinical trials in dry eyes. CLAO J 1995:21:221–232.
5. DEWS. The definition and classification of dry eye disease: report of the definition and classification subcommittee of the international DEWS. Ocul Surf 2007;5:75–92.
6. Craig JP, Nichols KK, Akpek EK, Caffery B, Dua HS, Joo CK, et al. TFOS DEWS II definition and classification report. Ocul Surf 2017;15:276–283.
7. Willcox MDP, Argüeso P, Georgiev GA, Holopainen JM, Laurie GW, Millar TJ, et al. TFOS DEWS II tear film report. Ocul Surf 2017;15:366–403.
8. Saxena R, Srivastava S, Trivedi D, Anand E, Joshi S, Gupta SK. Impact of environmental pollution on the eye. Acta Ophthalmol Scan 2003;81;491–494.
9. Gupta SK, Gupta SC, Agarwal R, Sushma S, Agrawal SS, Saxena R. A multicentric case-control study on the impact of air pollution on eyes in a metropolitan city of India. Indian J Occup Environ Med 2007;11:37–40.
10. Novaes P, Saldiva PH, Matsuda M, Macchione M, Rangel MP, Kara-José N, et al. The effects of chronic exposure to traffic derived air pollution on the ocular surface. Environ Res 2010;110:372–374.
11. Moen BE, Norbäck D, Wieslander G, Bakke JV, Magerøy N, Granslo JT, et al. Can air pollution affect tear film stability? A cross-sectional study in the aftermath of an explosion accident. BMC Pub Health 2011;11:235.
12. Torricelli AAM, Matsuda M, Novaes P, Braga ALF, Saldiva PHN, Alves MR, et al. Effects of ambient levels of traffic derived air pollution on the ocular surface: analysis of symptoms, conjunctival goblet cell count and mucin 5AC gene expression. Environ Res 2014;131:59–63.
13. Malerbi FK, Martins LC, Saldiva PHN, Braga ALF. Ambient levels of air pollution induce clinical worsening of blepharitis. Environ Res 2012;112:199–203.
14. Novaes P, do N Saldiva PH, Kara-José N, Macchione M, Matsuda M, Racca L, et al. Ambient levels of air pollution induce goblet-cell hyperplasia in human conjunctival epithelium. Environ Health Persp 2007;115:1753–1756.
15. Baldauf RW, Lane DD, Marotz GA, Wiener RW. Performance evaluation of the portable MiniVOL particulate matter sampler. Atmos Environ 2001;35:6087–6091.
16. Schiffman RM, Christianson MD, Jacobsen G, Hirsch JD, Reis BL. Reliability and validity of the Ocular Surface Disease Index. Arch Ophthalmol 2000;118:615–621.
17. Beltran F, Ramos Betancourt N, Martinez J, Santacruz Valdes C, Babayan A, Ramírez-Assad C, et al. Transcultural validation of Ocular Surface Disease Index (OSDI) questionnaire for Mexican population. Invest Ophth Vis Sci 2013;54:6050.
18. Babayan A, Ramos Betancourt N, Beltran F, Martinez J, Santacruz Valdes C, Ramírez-Assad C, et al. Transcultural validation of McMonnies questionnaire for Mexican population. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2013;54:6049.
19. Terry RL, Schnider CM, Holden BA, Cornish R, Grant T, Sweeney D, et al. CCLRU standards for success of daily and extended wear contact lenses. Optometry Vision Sci 1993;70:234–243.
20. Efron N. Efron Grading Scales for Contact Lens Complications in Contact Lens Practice. Elsevier. 2000;453–455.
21. DEWS. DEWS diagnostic methodology. Methodologies to diagnose and monitor dry eye disease: report of the diagnostic methodology Subcommittee of the International Dry Eye WorkShop. Ocul Surf 2007;5:108–152.
22. Mainstone JC, Bruce AS, Golding TR. Tear meniscus measurement in the diagnosis of dry eye. Curr Eye Res 1996;15:653–661.
23. Vitali C, Moutsopoulos HM, Bombardieri S. The European Community Study Group on diagnostic criteria for Sjogren’s syndrome. Sensitivity and specificity of tests for ocular and oral involvement in Sjogren’s syndrome. Ann Rheum Dis 1994;53:637–647.
24. Bron AJ, Benjamin L, Snibson GR. Meibomian gland disease. Classification and grading of lid changes. Eye 1991;5:395–411.
25. Yokoi N, Takehisa Y, Kinoshita S. Correlation of tear lipid layer interference patterns with the diagnosis and severity of dry eye. Am J Ophthalmol 1996;122:818–824.
26. Guillon JP. Non-invasive Tearscope Plus routine for contact lens fitting. Cont Lens Anterio 1998;21:S31–S40.
27. Norn MS. Lissamine green. Vital staining of cornea and conjunctiva. Acta Ophthalmol 1973;51:483–491.
28. Höh H, Schirra F, Kienecker C, Ruprecht KW. Lid-parallel conjunctival folds are a sure diagnostic sign of dry eye. Der Ophthalmol 1995;92:802–808.
29. Rehwagen M, Müller A, Massolo L, Herbarth O, Ronco A. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons associated with particles in ambient air from urban and industrial areas. Sci Total Environ 2005;348:199–210.
30. Cianni N, Aguilar M, Massolo L, Colman E, Müller A, Matamoros N, et al. Calidad del aire en zonas urbana e industrial y patología respiratoria en niños. Mesa redonda en I Congreso Internacional de Toxicología de La Infancia y La Adolescencia. XVI Congreso Argentino de Toxicología. 24 al 27 de Junio de 2009, Puerto Madryn. Patagonia, Argentina; 2009.
31. Miller KL, Walt JG, Mink DR, Satram-Hoang S, Wilson SE, Perry HD, et al. Minimal clinically important difference for the ocular surface disease index. Arch Ophthalmol 2010;128:94–101.
32. Nichols KK, Mitchell GL, Zadnik K. The repeatability of clinical measurements of dry eye. Cornea 2004;23:272– 285.
33. Vehof J, Sillevis Smitt-Kamminga N, Nibourg SA, Hammond CJ. Predictors of discordance between symptoms and signs in dry eye disease. Ophthalmology 2017;124:280–286.
34. Baudouin C. The vicious circle in dry eye syndrome: a mechanistic approach | Un nouveau schéma pour mieux comprendre les maladies de la surface oculaire. J Fr Ophtalmol 2007;30: 239–246.
35. Fu Q, Lyu D, Zhang L, Qin Z, Tang Q, Yin H, et al. Airborne particulate matter (PM2.5) triggers autophagy in human corneal epithelial cell line. Environ Pollut 2017;227:314– 322.
36. Mccarty CA, Stanislausky YL, Bansal AK, Livingston PM, Taylor HR. The epidemiology of dry eye in Melbourne, Australia. Ophthalmology 1997;105:1114–1119.
37. Schein OD, Hochberg MC, Muñoz B, E Al. Dry eye and dry mouth in the elderly: a population-based assessment. Arch Int Med 1999;159:1359–1363.
38. Schein OD, Muñoz B, Tielsch JM, Bandeen-Roche K, West S. Prevalence of dry eye among the elderly. Am J Ophthalmol 1997;124:723–728.
39. Moss SE, Klein R, Klein BE. Prevalence of and risk factors for dry eye syndrome. Am J Ophthalmol 2000;18:1264–1268.
40. Lin P-Y, Tsai S-Y, Cheng C-Y, Liu J-H, Chou P, Hsu W-M. Prevalence of dry eye among an elderly Chinese population in Taiwan: the Shihpai Eye Study. Ophthalmology 2003;110:1096–1101.
41. Schaumberg DA, Sullivan DA, Buring JE, Dana MR. Prevalence of dry eye syndrome among US women. Am J Ophthalmol 2003;136:318–326.
42. Johnson ME, Murphy PJ, Boulton M. Carbomer and sodium hyaluronate eyedrops for moderate dry eye treatment. Optometry Vis Sci 2008;85:750–757.