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Foutch B. Sex Hormones Influence the Helmholtz–Kohlrausch Effect. JOVR [Internet]. 2024Mar.10 [cited 2024Apr.28];19(1):71–81. Available from: https://knepublishing.com/index.php/JOVR/article/view/15441
https://doi.org/10.18502/jovr.v19i1.15441
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Brian Foutch
Brian Foutch
University of the Incarnate Word, Rosenberg School of Optometry, San Antonio, TX, USA
Published Date
- Mar 10, 2024
Sex Hormones Influence the Helmholtz–Kohlrausch Effect
Abstract
Purpose: Saturated lights appear brighter than white lights of the same luminance. This is the Helmholtz–Kohlrausch (H–K) effect, and the phenomenon can be estimated by modeling achromatic luminance and saturation to total brightness. Current H–K effect models are different between women and men and are also more variable in women, which may be due to hormonal changes across the menstrual cycle (MC).
Methods: Total brightness (B) and achromatic luminance (L) were measured across blue, green, yellow-green, yellow, and red hues. These data were measured along with salivary hormone levels for nine cycling women and seven oral contraceptive (OC) users at points representing the menstrual, peri-ovulation, and luteal phases.
Results: Simple brightness/luminance (B/L) ratio estimates of the H–K effect did not differ by OC use or MC phase, but B/L ratios were higher for the red stimulus in cycling women than OC users during the luteal phase. Estrogen, progesterone, and their interaction predicted 18% of the variation in brightness for cycling women. For OC users, only estrogen could be fit to brightness models where it accounted for 5% of brightness variance.
Conclusion: These findings first provide clear support for separating cycling women from OC users, particularly when examining long-wavelength mechanisms. Next, the interaction of OC use and MC phase on B/L ratios for the red stimulus adds to a rich history of long-wavelength mechanisms. Lastly, the current result amends previous brightness models with multiple hormone terms for cycling women but not OC users.
Keywords:
Brightness, Contraception, Helmholtz–Kohlrausch Effect, Hormones, Luminance, Menstrual Cycle, Saturation
References
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2. Alexander GM. An evolutionary perspective of sex-typed toy preference: Pink, blue, and the brain. Arch Sex Behav 2003;32:7–14.
3. Foutch BK, Bassi CJ. Is the Helmholtz–Kohlrausch effect more robust in women? Perception. 2020;49:636–657.
4. Foutch BK, Peck CK. Gender differences in contrast thresholds measured by a saturation task. JSM Ophthalmol 2013;1:1008.
5. Nichols EL. Sensitiveness of the eye to colors of a low degree of saturation. Am J Sci 1885;s3–30:37–42.
6. Foutch BK, Peck CK. Gender differences in contrast thresholds to biased stimuli. JSM Ophthalmol 2013;1:1007.
7. Bimler DL, Kirkland J, Jameson K. Quantifying variations in personal color spaces: Are there sex differences in color vision? Color Res Appl 2004;29:128–134.
8. Hoynga KB, Wallace B. Sex differences in the perception of autokinetic movement of an afterimage. J Gen Psychol 1979;100:93–101.
9. McGuinness D, Lewis I. Sex differences in visual persistence: Experiments on the Ganzfeld and afterimages. Perception 1976;5:295–301.
10. Arnold AP. Sex chromosomes and brain gender. Nat Rev Neurosci 2004;5:701–708. 11. Cahill L. Why sex matters for neuroscience. Nat Rev Neurosci 2006;7:477–484.
12. Finkelstein LO. On sensory disorders in diseases, and on changes of the fields of vision in menstruation. Ophth Rev: Rec Ophthal Sci 1887;6:323–326.
13. Lorenzetti F. Contributo allo Studio del Campo Visivo e del Senso Cromatico Della Donna Durante i Periodi Catameniale e Puerperale [Contribution to the study of the visual field and chromatic sense of the woman during the menstrual and post-partum periods]. La Clinica Ostetrica [The Obstetric Clinic] 1926;48:345–349.
14. Akar Y, Yucel I, Akar ME, Taskin O. Menstrual cycledependent changes in visual field analysis of healthy women. Ophthalmologica 2005;219:30–35.
15. Yucel I, Draper ME, Dora B, Akar Y, Taskin O, Ozer HO. Effect of the menstrual cycle on standard achromatic and blue-on-yellow visual field analysis of women with migraine. Can J Ophthalmol 2005;40:51–57.
16. Guttridge N. Mood, pain and the menstrual cycle: Potential confounding factors in automated perimetry? Ophthalmic Physiol Opt 1996;16:355–356.
17. Eisner A, Burke SN, Toomey MD. Visual sensitivity across the menstrual cycle. Vis Neurosci 2004;21:513–531.
18. Giuffrè G, Di Rosa L, Fiorino F. Changes in colour discrimination during the menstrual cycle. Ophthalmologica 2007;221:47–50.
19. Bassi CJ, Lehmkuhle S. Clinical implications of parallel visual pathways. J Am Optom Assoc 1990;61:98–110.
20. Lennie P, Pokorny J, Smith VC. Luminance. J Opt Soc Am A Opt Image Sci Vis 1993;10:1283–1293.
21. Yaguchi H, Kawada A, Shioiri S, Miyake Y. Individual differences of the contribution of chromatic channels to brightness. J Opt Soc Am A Opt Image Sci Vis 1993;10:1373–1379.
22. Guth SL, Lodge HR. Heterochromatic additivity, foveal spectral sensitivity, and a new color model. J Opt Soc Am 1973;63:450–462.
23. Donofrio R. Review paper: The Helmholtz-Kohlrausch effect. J Soc Inf Disp 2011;19:658–664.
24. Kohlrausch VA. Zur Photometrie farbiger Lichter [Photometry of colored lights]. Das Licht [The Light] 1935;5:259–275.
25. Kurtenbach A, Ruttinger L, Kaiser P, Zrenner E. Influence of luminance flicker and purity on heterochromatic brightness matching and hue discrimination: A postreceptoral opponent process. Vis Res 1997;37:721– 728.
26. De Ronde W, Pols HA, Van Leeuwen JP, De Jong FH. The importance of oestrogens in males. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2003;58:529–542.
27. Gupta PD, Johar K, Nagpal K, Vasavada AR. Sex hormone receptors in the human eye. Surv Ophthalmol 2005;50:574–584.
28. Ogueta SB, Schwartz SD, Yamashita CK, Farber DB. Estrogen receptor in the human eye: Influence of gender and age on gene expression. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1999;40:1906–1911.
29. Wickham LA, Gao J, Toda I, Rocha EM, Ono M, Sullivan DA. Identification of androgen, estrogen and progesterone receptor mRNAs in the eye. Acta Ophthalmol Scand 2000;78:146–153.
30. Sims ST, Heather AK. Myths and Methodologies: Reducing scientific design ambiguity in studies comparing sexes and/or menstrual cycle phases. J Exp Physiol 2008;103:1309–1317.
31. Eisner A, Luoh SW. Breast cancer medications and vision: Effects of treatments for early-stage disease. Curr Eye Res 2011;36:867–885.
32. Eisner A, Incognito LJ. The color appearance of stimuli detected via short-wavelength-sensitive cones for breast cancer survivors using tamoxifen. Vis Res 2006;46:1816–1822.
33. Fine BJ, McCord L. Oral contraceptive use, caffeine consumption, field-dependence, and the discrimination of colors. Percept Mot Skills 1991;73:931–941.
34. Marre M, Neubauer O, Nemetz U. Colour vision and the ’pill’. Mod Probl Ophthalmol 1964;13:345–348.
35. Stricker R, Eberhart R, Chevailler MC, Quinn FA, Bischof P, Stricker R. Establishment of detailed reference values for luteinizing hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone, estradiol, and progesterone during different phases of the menstrual cycle on the Abbott ARCHITECT analyzer. Clin Chem Lab Med 2006;44:883–887.
36. Hampson E. A brief guide to the menstrual cycle and oral contraceptive use for researchers in behavioral endocrinology. Horm Behav 2020;119:104655.
37. Moszkowski E, Woodruff J, Jones GE. The inadequate luteal phase. Am J Obstet Gyn 1962;363–372.
38. Forman RG, Chapman MC, Steptoe PC. The effect of endogenous progesterone on basal body temperature in stimulated ovarian cycles. Hum Reprod 1987;2:631–634.
39. De Vries HI. Der Einfluss der Temperatur des Auges auf die spektrale Empfindlichkeitskurve [The influence of the temperature of the eye on the spectral sensitivity curve]. Experientia 1948;4:357.
40. St George RC. The interplay of light and heat in bleaching rhodopsin. J Gen Physiol 1952;35:495–517.
41. Baylor D. How photons start vision. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1996;93:560–565.
42. Knowles A. The chloride effect in chicken red cone receptors. Vis Res 1980;20:475–483.
43. Venkatesh D, Ramachandra DL, Baboo NS, Rajan BK. Impact of psychological stress, gender and colour on visual response latency. Indian J Physiol Pharmacol 2002;46:333–337.
44. Eisner A, Samples JR. High blood pressure and visual sensitivity. J Opt Soc Am A, Opt Image Sci Vis 2003;20:1681–1693.
45. Eisner A, Demirel S. Variability in short-wavelength automated perimetry among peri- or postmenopausal women: A dependence on phyto-oestrogen consumption? Acta Ophthalmol 2011;89:e217–e224.
46. Iriguchi M, Koda H, and Masataka N. Colour perception characteristics of women in menopause. 2018. In Proceedings of the 2018 International Joint Workshop on Multimedia Artworks Analysis and Attractiveness Computing in Multimedia (MMArt&ACM’18). New York, NY, USA: Association for Computing Machinery. 20–25 p.
47. Lakowski R, Morton A. The effect of oral contraceptives on colour vision in diabetic women. Can J Ophthalmol 1977;12:89–97.
48. Polo V, Larrosa JM, Pinilla I, Pablo L, Fernandez FJ, Honrubia FM. Short-wavelength automated perimetry: Abnormality criteria. Ann Ophthalmol 2002;34:30–33.
49. Caprioli J. Should we use short-wavelength automated perimetry to test glaucoma patients? Am J Ophthalmol 2001;131:792–794.
50. Belfort MA, Saade GR, Snabes M, Dunn R, Moise KJ, Cruz A, et al. Hormonal status affects the reactivity of the cerebral vasculature. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1995;172:1273– 1278.
51. Schoene RB, Robertson HT, Pierson DJ, Peterson AP. Respiratory drives and exercise in menstrual cycles of athletic and nonathletic women. J Appl Physiol Respir Environ Exerc Physiol 1981;50:1300–1305.
52. Draper CF, Duisters K, Weger B, Chakrabarti A, Harms AC, Brennan L, et al. Menstrual cycle rhythmicity: Metabolic patterns in healthy women. Sci Rep 2018;8:14568. https: //medlineplus.gov/ency/article/007062.htm
53. National Library of Medicine. Ovulation home test. 2021 Retrieved from MedlinePlus [Internet]: https://medlineplus. gov/ency/article/007062.htm
54. Lewis JG. Steroid analysis in saliva: An overview. Clin Biochem Rev 2006;27:139–146.
2. Alexander GM. An evolutionary perspective of sex-typed toy preference: Pink, blue, and the brain. Arch Sex Behav 2003;32:7–14.
3. Foutch BK, Bassi CJ. Is the Helmholtz–Kohlrausch effect more robust in women? Perception. 2020;49:636–657.
4. Foutch BK, Peck CK. Gender differences in contrast thresholds measured by a saturation task. JSM Ophthalmol 2013;1:1008.
5. Nichols EL. Sensitiveness of the eye to colors of a low degree of saturation. Am J Sci 1885;s3–30:37–42.
6. Foutch BK, Peck CK. Gender differences in contrast thresholds to biased stimuli. JSM Ophthalmol 2013;1:1007.
7. Bimler DL, Kirkland J, Jameson K. Quantifying variations in personal color spaces: Are there sex differences in color vision? Color Res Appl 2004;29:128–134.
8. Hoynga KB, Wallace B. Sex differences in the perception of autokinetic movement of an afterimage. J Gen Psychol 1979;100:93–101.
9. McGuinness D, Lewis I. Sex differences in visual persistence: Experiments on the Ganzfeld and afterimages. Perception 1976;5:295–301.
10. Arnold AP. Sex chromosomes and brain gender. Nat Rev Neurosci 2004;5:701–708. 11. Cahill L. Why sex matters for neuroscience. Nat Rev Neurosci 2006;7:477–484.
12. Finkelstein LO. On sensory disorders in diseases, and on changes of the fields of vision in menstruation. Ophth Rev: Rec Ophthal Sci 1887;6:323–326.
13. Lorenzetti F. Contributo allo Studio del Campo Visivo e del Senso Cromatico Della Donna Durante i Periodi Catameniale e Puerperale [Contribution to the study of the visual field and chromatic sense of the woman during the menstrual and post-partum periods]. La Clinica Ostetrica [The Obstetric Clinic] 1926;48:345–349.
14. Akar Y, Yucel I, Akar ME, Taskin O. Menstrual cycledependent changes in visual field analysis of healthy women. Ophthalmologica 2005;219:30–35.
15. Yucel I, Draper ME, Dora B, Akar Y, Taskin O, Ozer HO. Effect of the menstrual cycle on standard achromatic and blue-on-yellow visual field analysis of women with migraine. Can J Ophthalmol 2005;40:51–57.
16. Guttridge N. Mood, pain and the menstrual cycle: Potential confounding factors in automated perimetry? Ophthalmic Physiol Opt 1996;16:355–356.
17. Eisner A, Burke SN, Toomey MD. Visual sensitivity across the menstrual cycle. Vis Neurosci 2004;21:513–531.
18. Giuffrè G, Di Rosa L, Fiorino F. Changes in colour discrimination during the menstrual cycle. Ophthalmologica 2007;221:47–50.
19. Bassi CJ, Lehmkuhle S. Clinical implications of parallel visual pathways. J Am Optom Assoc 1990;61:98–110.
20. Lennie P, Pokorny J, Smith VC. Luminance. J Opt Soc Am A Opt Image Sci Vis 1993;10:1283–1293.
21. Yaguchi H, Kawada A, Shioiri S, Miyake Y. Individual differences of the contribution of chromatic channels to brightness. J Opt Soc Am A Opt Image Sci Vis 1993;10:1373–1379.
22. Guth SL, Lodge HR. Heterochromatic additivity, foveal spectral sensitivity, and a new color model. J Opt Soc Am 1973;63:450–462.
23. Donofrio R. Review paper: The Helmholtz-Kohlrausch effect. J Soc Inf Disp 2011;19:658–664.
24. Kohlrausch VA. Zur Photometrie farbiger Lichter [Photometry of colored lights]. Das Licht [The Light] 1935;5:259–275.
25. Kurtenbach A, Ruttinger L, Kaiser P, Zrenner E. Influence of luminance flicker and purity on heterochromatic brightness matching and hue discrimination: A postreceptoral opponent process. Vis Res 1997;37:721– 728.
26. De Ronde W, Pols HA, Van Leeuwen JP, De Jong FH. The importance of oestrogens in males. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2003;58:529–542.
27. Gupta PD, Johar K, Nagpal K, Vasavada AR. Sex hormone receptors in the human eye. Surv Ophthalmol 2005;50:574–584.
28. Ogueta SB, Schwartz SD, Yamashita CK, Farber DB. Estrogen receptor in the human eye: Influence of gender and age on gene expression. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1999;40:1906–1911.
29. Wickham LA, Gao J, Toda I, Rocha EM, Ono M, Sullivan DA. Identification of androgen, estrogen and progesterone receptor mRNAs in the eye. Acta Ophthalmol Scand 2000;78:146–153.
30. Sims ST, Heather AK. Myths and Methodologies: Reducing scientific design ambiguity in studies comparing sexes and/or menstrual cycle phases. J Exp Physiol 2008;103:1309–1317.
31. Eisner A, Luoh SW. Breast cancer medications and vision: Effects of treatments for early-stage disease. Curr Eye Res 2011;36:867–885.
32. Eisner A, Incognito LJ. The color appearance of stimuli detected via short-wavelength-sensitive cones for breast cancer survivors using tamoxifen. Vis Res 2006;46:1816–1822.
33. Fine BJ, McCord L. Oral contraceptive use, caffeine consumption, field-dependence, and the discrimination of colors. Percept Mot Skills 1991;73:931–941.
34. Marre M, Neubauer O, Nemetz U. Colour vision and the ’pill’. Mod Probl Ophthalmol 1964;13:345–348.
35. Stricker R, Eberhart R, Chevailler MC, Quinn FA, Bischof P, Stricker R. Establishment of detailed reference values for luteinizing hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone, estradiol, and progesterone during different phases of the menstrual cycle on the Abbott ARCHITECT analyzer. Clin Chem Lab Med 2006;44:883–887.
36. Hampson E. A brief guide to the menstrual cycle and oral contraceptive use for researchers in behavioral endocrinology. Horm Behav 2020;119:104655.
37. Moszkowski E, Woodruff J, Jones GE. The inadequate luteal phase. Am J Obstet Gyn 1962;363–372.
38. Forman RG, Chapman MC, Steptoe PC. The effect of endogenous progesterone on basal body temperature in stimulated ovarian cycles. Hum Reprod 1987;2:631–634.
39. De Vries HI. Der Einfluss der Temperatur des Auges auf die spektrale Empfindlichkeitskurve [The influence of the temperature of the eye on the spectral sensitivity curve]. Experientia 1948;4:357.
40. St George RC. The interplay of light and heat in bleaching rhodopsin. J Gen Physiol 1952;35:495–517.
41. Baylor D. How photons start vision. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1996;93:560–565.
42. Knowles A. The chloride effect in chicken red cone receptors. Vis Res 1980;20:475–483.
43. Venkatesh D, Ramachandra DL, Baboo NS, Rajan BK. Impact of psychological stress, gender and colour on visual response latency. Indian J Physiol Pharmacol 2002;46:333–337.
44. Eisner A, Samples JR. High blood pressure and visual sensitivity. J Opt Soc Am A, Opt Image Sci Vis 2003;20:1681–1693.
45. Eisner A, Demirel S. Variability in short-wavelength automated perimetry among peri- or postmenopausal women: A dependence on phyto-oestrogen consumption? Acta Ophthalmol 2011;89:e217–e224.
46. Iriguchi M, Koda H, and Masataka N. Colour perception characteristics of women in menopause. 2018. In Proceedings of the 2018 International Joint Workshop on Multimedia Artworks Analysis and Attractiveness Computing in Multimedia (MMArt&ACM’18). New York, NY, USA: Association for Computing Machinery. 20–25 p.
47. Lakowski R, Morton A. The effect of oral contraceptives on colour vision in diabetic women. Can J Ophthalmol 1977;12:89–97.
48. Polo V, Larrosa JM, Pinilla I, Pablo L, Fernandez FJ, Honrubia FM. Short-wavelength automated perimetry: Abnormality criteria. Ann Ophthalmol 2002;34:30–33.
49. Caprioli J. Should we use short-wavelength automated perimetry to test glaucoma patients? Am J Ophthalmol 2001;131:792–794.
50. Belfort MA, Saade GR, Snabes M, Dunn R, Moise KJ, Cruz A, et al. Hormonal status affects the reactivity of the cerebral vasculature. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1995;172:1273– 1278.
51. Schoene RB, Robertson HT, Pierson DJ, Peterson AP. Respiratory drives and exercise in menstrual cycles of athletic and nonathletic women. J Appl Physiol Respir Environ Exerc Physiol 1981;50:1300–1305.
52. Draper CF, Duisters K, Weger B, Chakrabarti A, Harms AC, Brennan L, et al. Menstrual cycle rhythmicity: Metabolic patterns in healthy women. Sci Rep 2018;8:14568. https: //medlineplus.gov/ency/article/007062.htm
53. National Library of Medicine. Ovulation home test. 2021 Retrieved from MedlinePlus [Internet]: https://medlineplus. gov/ency/article/007062.htm
54. Lewis JG. Steroid analysis in saliva: An overview. Clin Biochem Rev 2006;27:139–146.