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Tavallali A, Sadeghi Y, Abtahi S-H, Nouri H, Samadikhadem S, Rezaei M, Mazloumi M. Inverted ILM Flap Technique in Optic Disc Pit Maculopathy. JOVR [Internet]. 2023Apr.19 [cited 2024May2];18(2):230–239. Available from: https://knepublishing.com/index.php/JOVR/article/view/13189
https://doi.org/10.18502/jovr.v18i2.13189
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authors
-
Ali Tavallali
Ali Tavallali
Tavallali Eye Infirmary, Shiraz, Iran
-
Yasaman Sadeghi
Yasaman Sadeghi
Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
-
Seyed-Hossein Abtahi
Seyed-Hossein Abtahi
Ophthalmic Research Center, Research Institute for Ophthalmology and Vision Science, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
-
Hosein Nouri
Hosein Nouri
Ophthalmic Research Center, Research Institute for Ophthalmology and Vision Science, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
-
Sanam Samadikhadem
Sanam Samadikhadem
Department of Ophthalmology, Imam Hossein Medical Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
-
Mitra Rezaei
Mitra Rezaei
School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
-
Mehdi Mazloumi
Mehdi Mazloumi
Eye Research Center, Rasoul Akram Hospital, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Published Date
- Apr 19, 2023
Inverted ILM Flap Technique in Optic Disc Pit Maculopathy
Abstract
Purpose: To present the outcome of optic disc pit maculopathy (ODPM) managed successfully
with an inverted internal limiting membrane (ILM) flap over the optic disc. A narrative review of
ODPM pathogenesis and surgical management techniques are also provided.
Case Report: This prospective interventional case series included three eyes of three adult
patients (25–39 years old) with unilateral ODPM and a mean duration of unilaterally decreased
visual acuity of 7.33 ± 2.40 months (4–12 months). The pars plana vitrectomy with posterior
vitreous detachment induction was performed on eyes, followed by an inverted ILM flap insertion
over the optic disc and gas tamponade. Patients were followed for 7–16 weeks postoperatively;
best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) improved dramatically in one patient from 2/200 to 20/25.
BCVA in other patients improved two and three lines – to 20/50 and 20/30, respectively. A
significant anatomical improvement was achieved in all three eyes, and no complication was
detected throughout the follow-up period.
Conclusion: Vitrectomy with inverted ILM flap insertion over the optic disc is safe and can yield
favorable anatomical improvement in patients with ODPM.
Keywords:
ILM Flap, Internal Limiting Membrane, Macular Schisis, Optic Disc Pit, Optic Disc Pit Maculopathy, Optical Coherence Tomography, Serous Macular Detachment
References
1. Steel DHW, Suleman J, Murphy DC, Song A, Dodds S, Rees J. Optic disc pit maculopathy. Ophthalmology 2018;125:1757–1764.
2. Ohno-Matsui K, Hirakata A, Inoue M, Akiba M, Ishibashi T. Evaluation of congenital optic disc pits and optic disc Colobomas by swept-source optical coherence tomography. Investig Opthalmology Vis Sci 2013;54:7769.
3. Georgalas I, Ladas I, Georgopoulos G, Petrou P. Optic disc pit: A review. Graefe’s Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2011;249:1113–1122.
4. Chatziralli I, Theodossiadis P, Theodossiadis GP. Optic disk pit maculopathy: Current management strategies. Clin Ophthalmol 2018;12:1417–1422.
5. Sobol WM, Blodi CF, Folk JC, Weingeist TA. Long-term visual outcome in patients with optic nerve pit and serous retinal detachment of the macula. Ophthalmology 1990;97:1539–1542.
6. Bartz-Schmidt KU, Heimann K, Esser P. Vitrectomy for macular detachment associated with optic nerve pits. Int Ophthalmol 1996;19:323–329.
7. Theodossiadis G. Evolution of congenital PIT of the optic disk with macular detachment in photocoagulated and nonphotocoagulated eyes. Am J Ophthalmol 1977;84:620–631.
8. Brodsky MC. Congenital optic pit with serous maculopathy in childhood. J Am Assoc Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus 2003;7:150.
9. Yuen CHW, Kaye SB. Spontaneous resolution of serous maculopathy associated with optic disc pit in a child: A case report. J Am Assoc Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus 2002;6:330–331.
10. Brown GC, Shields JA, Goldberg RE. Congenital pits of the optic nerve head. Ophthalmology 1980;87:51–65.
11. Christoforidis J, Terrell W, Davidorf FH. Histopathology of optic nerve pit-associated maculopathy. Clin Ophthalmol 2012;1169.
12. Johnson TM. Pathogenic implications of subretinal gas migration through pits and atypical colobomas of the optic nerve. Arch Ophthalmol 2004;122:1793.
13. Postel EA, Pulido JS, McNamara JA, Johnson MW. The etiology and treatment of macular detachment associated with optic nerve pits and related anomalies. Trans Am Ophthalmol Soc 1998;96:73–88; discussion 88–93.
14. Theodossiadis PG, Grigoropoulos VG, Emfietzoglou J, Theodossiadis GP. Vitreous findings in optic disc pit maculopathy based on optical coherence tomography. Graefe’s Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2007;245:1311–1318.
15. Rayat JS, Rudnisky CJ, Waite C, Huang P, Sheidow TG, Kherani A, et al. Long-term outcomes for optic disk pit maculopathy after vitrectomy. Retina 2015;35:2011–2017.
16. Bonnet M. Serous macular detachment associated with optic nerve pits. Graefe’s Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 1991;229:526–532.
17. Ishikawa K, Terasaki H, Mori M, Sugita K, Miyake Y. Optical coherence tomography before and after vitrectomy with internal limiting membrane removal in a child with optic disc pit maculopathy. Jpn J Ophthalmol 2005;49:411–413.
18. Regenbogen L, Stein R, Lazar M. Macular and juxtapapillar serous retinal detachment associated with pit of optic disc. Ophthalmologica 1964;148:247–251.
19. Akiba J, Kakehashi A, Hikichi T, Trempe CL. Vitreous findings in cases of optic nerve pits and serous macular detachment. Am J Ophthalmol 1993;116:38–41.
20. Friberg TR, McLellan TG. Vitreous pulsations, relative hypotony, and retrobulbar cyst associated with a congenital optic pit. Am J Ophthalmol 1992;114:767– 769.
21. Kuhn F, Kover F, Szabo I, Mester V. Intracranial migration of silicone oil from an eye with optic pit. Graefe’s Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2006;244:1360–1362.
22. Gowdar JP, Rajesh B, Giridhar A, Gopalakrishnan M, Hussain R, Thachil T. An insight into the pathogenesis of optic disc pit-associated maculopathy with enhanced depth imaging. JAMA Ophthalmol 2015;133:466.
23. Krivoy D. Imaging congenital optic disc pits and associated maculopathy using optical coherence tomography. Arch Ophthalmol 1996;114:165.
24. Katome T, Mitamura Y, Hotta F, Mino A, Naito T. Swept-source optical coherence tomography identifies connection between vitreous cavity and retrobulbar subarachnoid space in patient with optic disc pit. Eye 2013;27:1325–1326.
25. Michalewska Z, Nawrocki J, Michalewski J. Spectral domain optical coherence tomography morphology in optic disc pit associated maculopathy. Indian J Ophthalmol 2014;62:777.
26. Lincoff H, Lopez R, Kreissig I, Yannuzzi L, Cox M, Burton T. Retinoschisis associated with optic nerve pits. Arch Ophthalmol 1988;106:61–67.
27. Avci R, Yilmaz S, Inan UU, Kaderli B, Kurt M, Yalcinbayir O, et al. Long-term outcomes of pars plana vitrectomy without internal limiting membrane peeling for optic disc pit maculopathy. Eye 2013;27:1359–1367.
28. Imamura Y, Zweifel SA, Fujiwara T, Freund KB, Spaide RF. High-resolution optical coherence tomography findings in optic pit maculopathy. Retina 2010;30:1104–1112.
29. Moon SJ, Kim JE, Spaide RF. Optic pit maculopathy without inner retinal schisis cavity. Retina 2006;26:113–116.
30. Todorich B, Sharma S, Vajzovic L. Successful repair of recurrent optic disk pit maculopathy with autologous platelet rich plasma: Report of a surgical technique. Retin Cases Brief Rep 2017;11:15–17.
31. Roy R, Waanbah AD, Mathur G, Raman R, Sharma T. Optical coherence tomography characteristics in eyes with optic pit maculopathy. Retina 2013;33:771–775.
32. Skaat A, Moroz I, Moisseiev J. Macular detachment associated with an optic pit: Optical coherence tomography patterns and surgical outcomes. Eur J Ophthalmol 2013;23:385–393.
33. Brasil OFM, Brasil MVOM, Brasil OM. Different presentations of intraretinal fluid collections in optic disc pits: OCT study of 3 cases. Arq Bras Oftalmol 2006;69:745–747.
34. Rii T, Hirakata A, Inoue M. Comparative findings in childhood-onset versus adult-onset optic disc pit maculopathy. Acta Ophthalmol 2013;91:429–433.
35. Hirakata A, Inoue M, Hiraoka T, McCuen BW. Vitrectomy without laser treatment or gas tamponade for macular detachment associated with an optic disc pit. Ophthalmology 2012;119:810–818.
36. Theodossiadis GP, Chatziralli IP, Theodossiadis PG. Macular buckling in optic disc pit maculopathy in association with the origin of macular elevation: 13- year mean postoperative results. Eur J Ophthalmol 2015;25:241–248.
37. Lincoff H, Yannuzzi L, Singerman L, Kreissig I, Fisher Y. Improvement in visual function after displacement of the retinal elevations emanating from optic pits. Arch Ophthalmol 1993;111:1071–1079.
38. Lincoff H, Kreissig I. Optical coherence tomography of pneumatic displacement of optic disc pit maculopathy. Br J Ophthalmol 1998;82:367–372.
39. Akiyama H, Shimoda Y, Fukuchi M, Kashima T, Mayuzumi H, Shinohara Y, et al. Intravitreal gas injection without vitrectomy for macular detachment associated with an optic disk pit. Retina 2014;34:222–227.
40. Steel DHW, Williamson TH, Laidlaw DAH, Sharma P, Matthews C, Rees J, et al. Extent and location of intraretinal and subretinal fluid as prognostic factors for the outcome of patients with optic disk pit maculopathy. Retina 2016;36:110–118.
41. Annesley W, Brown G, Bolling J, Goldberg R, Fischer D. Treatment of retinal detachment with congenital optic pit by krypton laser photocoagulation. Graefe’s Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 1987;225:311–314.
42. Lei L, Li T, Ding X, Ma W, Zhu X, Atik A, et al. Gas tamponade combined with laser photocoagulation therapy for congenital optic disc pit maculopathy. Eye 2015;29:106–114.
43. Shukla D, Kalliath J, Tandon M, Vijayakumar B. Vitrectomy for optic disk pit with macular schisis and outer retinal dehiscence. Retina 2012;32:1337–1342.
44. Avci R, Kapran Z, Ozdek S, Teke MY, Oz O, Guven D, et al. Multicenter study of pars plana vitrectomy for optic disc pit maculopathy: MACPIT study. Eye 2017;31:1266–1273.
45. Marticorena J, Gomez-Ulla F, Romano MR, Fernandez M. Dye-guided retinal laser and internal drainage for optic pit maculopathy. Graefe’s Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2013;251:381–382.
46. Georgalas I, Kouri A, Ladas I, Gotzaridis E. Optic disc pit maculopathy treated with vitrectomy, internal limiting membrane peeling, and air in a 5-year-old boy. Can J Ophthalmol 2010;45:189–191.
47. Hara R, Tsukahara Y, Simoyama T, Mori S. Refined internal limiting membrane inverted flap technique for intractable macular detachment with optic disc pit. Case Rep Ophthalmol 2017;8:208–213.
48. Teke MY, Citirik M. 23 Gauge vitrectomy, endolaser, and gas tamponade versus vitrectomy alone for serous macular detachment associated with optic disc pit. Am J Ophthalmol 2015;160:779–785.e2.
49. Spaide RF, Fisher Y, Ober M, Stoller G. Surgical hypothesis: Inner retinal fenestration as a treatment for optic disc pit maculopathy. Retina 2006;26:89–91.
50. Ooto S, Mittra RA, Ridley ME, Spaide RF. Vitrectomy with inner retinal fenestration for optic disc pit maculopathy. Ophthalmology 2014;121:1727–1733.
51. Slocumb RW, Johnson MW. Premature closure of inner retinal fenestration in the treatment of optic disk pit maculopathy. Retin Cases Brief Rep 2010;4:37–39.
52. de Oliveira PRC, Berger AR, Chow DR. Use of evicel fibrin sealant in optic disc pit-associated macular detachment. Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging Retin 2017;48:358–363.
53. Blood Banking and Transfusion Medicine. Elsevier; 2007.
54. Michalewska Z, Michalewski J, Adelman RA, Nawrocki J. Inverted internal limiting membrane flap technique for large macular holes. Ophthalmology 2010;117:2018–2025.
55. D’Souza P, Babu U, Narendran V. Autologous free internal limiting membrane flap for optic nerve head pit with maculopathy. Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging Retin 2017;48:350–353.
56. Mohammed O, Pai A. Inverted autologous internal limiting membrane for management of optic disc pit with macular detachment. Middle East Afr J Ophthalmol 2013;20:357.
57. Travassos AS, Regadas I, Alfaiate M, Silva ED, Proença R, Travassos A. Optic pit: Novel surgical management of complicated cases. Retina 2013;33:1708–1714.
58. Kiang L, Johnson MW. Formation of an intraretinal fluid barrier in cavitary optic disc maculopathy. Am J Ophthalmol 2017;173:34–44.
59. Babu N, Kohli P, Ramasamy K. Comparison of various surgical techniques for optic disc pit maculopathy: Vitrectomy with internal limiting membrane (ILM) peeling alone versus inverted ILM flap ’plug’ versus autologous scleral ’plug’. Br J Ophthalmol 2020;104:1567–1573.
60. Pastor-Idoate S, Gomez-Resa M, Karam S, Copete S, Kyriakou D, Garcia-Arumi Fuste C, et al. Efficacy of internal limiting membrane flap techniques with vitrectomy for macular detachment associated with an optic disc pit. Ophthalmologica 2019;242:38–48.
2. Ohno-Matsui K, Hirakata A, Inoue M, Akiba M, Ishibashi T. Evaluation of congenital optic disc pits and optic disc Colobomas by swept-source optical coherence tomography. Investig Opthalmology Vis Sci 2013;54:7769.
3. Georgalas I, Ladas I, Georgopoulos G, Petrou P. Optic disc pit: A review. Graefe’s Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2011;249:1113–1122.
4. Chatziralli I, Theodossiadis P, Theodossiadis GP. Optic disk pit maculopathy: Current management strategies. Clin Ophthalmol 2018;12:1417–1422.
5. Sobol WM, Blodi CF, Folk JC, Weingeist TA. Long-term visual outcome in patients with optic nerve pit and serous retinal detachment of the macula. Ophthalmology 1990;97:1539–1542.
6. Bartz-Schmidt KU, Heimann K, Esser P. Vitrectomy for macular detachment associated with optic nerve pits. Int Ophthalmol 1996;19:323–329.
7. Theodossiadis G. Evolution of congenital PIT of the optic disk with macular detachment in photocoagulated and nonphotocoagulated eyes. Am J Ophthalmol 1977;84:620–631.
8. Brodsky MC. Congenital optic pit with serous maculopathy in childhood. J Am Assoc Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus 2003;7:150.
9. Yuen CHW, Kaye SB. Spontaneous resolution of serous maculopathy associated with optic disc pit in a child: A case report. J Am Assoc Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus 2002;6:330–331.
10. Brown GC, Shields JA, Goldberg RE. Congenital pits of the optic nerve head. Ophthalmology 1980;87:51–65.
11. Christoforidis J, Terrell W, Davidorf FH. Histopathology of optic nerve pit-associated maculopathy. Clin Ophthalmol 2012;1169.
12. Johnson TM. Pathogenic implications of subretinal gas migration through pits and atypical colobomas of the optic nerve. Arch Ophthalmol 2004;122:1793.
13. Postel EA, Pulido JS, McNamara JA, Johnson MW. The etiology and treatment of macular detachment associated with optic nerve pits and related anomalies. Trans Am Ophthalmol Soc 1998;96:73–88; discussion 88–93.
14. Theodossiadis PG, Grigoropoulos VG, Emfietzoglou J, Theodossiadis GP. Vitreous findings in optic disc pit maculopathy based on optical coherence tomography. Graefe’s Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2007;245:1311–1318.
15. Rayat JS, Rudnisky CJ, Waite C, Huang P, Sheidow TG, Kherani A, et al. Long-term outcomes for optic disk pit maculopathy after vitrectomy. Retina 2015;35:2011–2017.
16. Bonnet M. Serous macular detachment associated with optic nerve pits. Graefe’s Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 1991;229:526–532.
17. Ishikawa K, Terasaki H, Mori M, Sugita K, Miyake Y. Optical coherence tomography before and after vitrectomy with internal limiting membrane removal in a child with optic disc pit maculopathy. Jpn J Ophthalmol 2005;49:411–413.
18. Regenbogen L, Stein R, Lazar M. Macular and juxtapapillar serous retinal detachment associated with pit of optic disc. Ophthalmologica 1964;148:247–251.
19. Akiba J, Kakehashi A, Hikichi T, Trempe CL. Vitreous findings in cases of optic nerve pits and serous macular detachment. Am J Ophthalmol 1993;116:38–41.
20. Friberg TR, McLellan TG. Vitreous pulsations, relative hypotony, and retrobulbar cyst associated with a congenital optic pit. Am J Ophthalmol 1992;114:767– 769.
21. Kuhn F, Kover F, Szabo I, Mester V. Intracranial migration of silicone oil from an eye with optic pit. Graefe’s Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2006;244:1360–1362.
22. Gowdar JP, Rajesh B, Giridhar A, Gopalakrishnan M, Hussain R, Thachil T. An insight into the pathogenesis of optic disc pit-associated maculopathy with enhanced depth imaging. JAMA Ophthalmol 2015;133:466.
23. Krivoy D. Imaging congenital optic disc pits and associated maculopathy using optical coherence tomography. Arch Ophthalmol 1996;114:165.
24. Katome T, Mitamura Y, Hotta F, Mino A, Naito T. Swept-source optical coherence tomography identifies connection between vitreous cavity and retrobulbar subarachnoid space in patient with optic disc pit. Eye 2013;27:1325–1326.
25. Michalewska Z, Nawrocki J, Michalewski J. Spectral domain optical coherence tomography morphology in optic disc pit associated maculopathy. Indian J Ophthalmol 2014;62:777.
26. Lincoff H, Lopez R, Kreissig I, Yannuzzi L, Cox M, Burton T. Retinoschisis associated with optic nerve pits. Arch Ophthalmol 1988;106:61–67.
27. Avci R, Yilmaz S, Inan UU, Kaderli B, Kurt M, Yalcinbayir O, et al. Long-term outcomes of pars plana vitrectomy without internal limiting membrane peeling for optic disc pit maculopathy. Eye 2013;27:1359–1367.
28. Imamura Y, Zweifel SA, Fujiwara T, Freund KB, Spaide RF. High-resolution optical coherence tomography findings in optic pit maculopathy. Retina 2010;30:1104–1112.
29. Moon SJ, Kim JE, Spaide RF. Optic pit maculopathy without inner retinal schisis cavity. Retina 2006;26:113–116.
30. Todorich B, Sharma S, Vajzovic L. Successful repair of recurrent optic disk pit maculopathy with autologous platelet rich plasma: Report of a surgical technique. Retin Cases Brief Rep 2017;11:15–17.
31. Roy R, Waanbah AD, Mathur G, Raman R, Sharma T. Optical coherence tomography characteristics in eyes with optic pit maculopathy. Retina 2013;33:771–775.
32. Skaat A, Moroz I, Moisseiev J. Macular detachment associated with an optic pit: Optical coherence tomography patterns and surgical outcomes. Eur J Ophthalmol 2013;23:385–393.
33. Brasil OFM, Brasil MVOM, Brasil OM. Different presentations of intraretinal fluid collections in optic disc pits: OCT study of 3 cases. Arq Bras Oftalmol 2006;69:745–747.
34. Rii T, Hirakata A, Inoue M. Comparative findings in childhood-onset versus adult-onset optic disc pit maculopathy. Acta Ophthalmol 2013;91:429–433.
35. Hirakata A, Inoue M, Hiraoka T, McCuen BW. Vitrectomy without laser treatment or gas tamponade for macular detachment associated with an optic disc pit. Ophthalmology 2012;119:810–818.
36. Theodossiadis GP, Chatziralli IP, Theodossiadis PG. Macular buckling in optic disc pit maculopathy in association with the origin of macular elevation: 13- year mean postoperative results. Eur J Ophthalmol 2015;25:241–248.
37. Lincoff H, Yannuzzi L, Singerman L, Kreissig I, Fisher Y. Improvement in visual function after displacement of the retinal elevations emanating from optic pits. Arch Ophthalmol 1993;111:1071–1079.
38. Lincoff H, Kreissig I. Optical coherence tomography of pneumatic displacement of optic disc pit maculopathy. Br J Ophthalmol 1998;82:367–372.
39. Akiyama H, Shimoda Y, Fukuchi M, Kashima T, Mayuzumi H, Shinohara Y, et al. Intravitreal gas injection without vitrectomy for macular detachment associated with an optic disk pit. Retina 2014;34:222–227.
40. Steel DHW, Williamson TH, Laidlaw DAH, Sharma P, Matthews C, Rees J, et al. Extent and location of intraretinal and subretinal fluid as prognostic factors for the outcome of patients with optic disk pit maculopathy. Retina 2016;36:110–118.
41. Annesley W, Brown G, Bolling J, Goldberg R, Fischer D. Treatment of retinal detachment with congenital optic pit by krypton laser photocoagulation. Graefe’s Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 1987;225:311–314.
42. Lei L, Li T, Ding X, Ma W, Zhu X, Atik A, et al. Gas tamponade combined with laser photocoagulation therapy for congenital optic disc pit maculopathy. Eye 2015;29:106–114.
43. Shukla D, Kalliath J, Tandon M, Vijayakumar B. Vitrectomy for optic disk pit with macular schisis and outer retinal dehiscence. Retina 2012;32:1337–1342.
44. Avci R, Kapran Z, Ozdek S, Teke MY, Oz O, Guven D, et al. Multicenter study of pars plana vitrectomy for optic disc pit maculopathy: MACPIT study. Eye 2017;31:1266–1273.
45. Marticorena J, Gomez-Ulla F, Romano MR, Fernandez M. Dye-guided retinal laser and internal drainage for optic pit maculopathy. Graefe’s Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2013;251:381–382.
46. Georgalas I, Kouri A, Ladas I, Gotzaridis E. Optic disc pit maculopathy treated with vitrectomy, internal limiting membrane peeling, and air in a 5-year-old boy. Can J Ophthalmol 2010;45:189–191.
47. Hara R, Tsukahara Y, Simoyama T, Mori S. Refined internal limiting membrane inverted flap technique for intractable macular detachment with optic disc pit. Case Rep Ophthalmol 2017;8:208–213.
48. Teke MY, Citirik M. 23 Gauge vitrectomy, endolaser, and gas tamponade versus vitrectomy alone for serous macular detachment associated with optic disc pit. Am J Ophthalmol 2015;160:779–785.e2.
49. Spaide RF, Fisher Y, Ober M, Stoller G. Surgical hypothesis: Inner retinal fenestration as a treatment for optic disc pit maculopathy. Retina 2006;26:89–91.
50. Ooto S, Mittra RA, Ridley ME, Spaide RF. Vitrectomy with inner retinal fenestration for optic disc pit maculopathy. Ophthalmology 2014;121:1727–1733.
51. Slocumb RW, Johnson MW. Premature closure of inner retinal fenestration in the treatment of optic disk pit maculopathy. Retin Cases Brief Rep 2010;4:37–39.
52. de Oliveira PRC, Berger AR, Chow DR. Use of evicel fibrin sealant in optic disc pit-associated macular detachment. Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging Retin 2017;48:358–363.
53. Blood Banking and Transfusion Medicine. Elsevier; 2007.
54. Michalewska Z, Michalewski J, Adelman RA, Nawrocki J. Inverted internal limiting membrane flap technique for large macular holes. Ophthalmology 2010;117:2018–2025.
55. D’Souza P, Babu U, Narendran V. Autologous free internal limiting membrane flap for optic nerve head pit with maculopathy. Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging Retin 2017;48:350–353.
56. Mohammed O, Pai A. Inverted autologous internal limiting membrane for management of optic disc pit with macular detachment. Middle East Afr J Ophthalmol 2013;20:357.
57. Travassos AS, Regadas I, Alfaiate M, Silva ED, Proença R, Travassos A. Optic pit: Novel surgical management of complicated cases. Retina 2013;33:1708–1714.
58. Kiang L, Johnson MW. Formation of an intraretinal fluid barrier in cavitary optic disc maculopathy. Am J Ophthalmol 2017;173:34–44.
59. Babu N, Kohli P, Ramasamy K. Comparison of various surgical techniques for optic disc pit maculopathy: Vitrectomy with internal limiting membrane (ILM) peeling alone versus inverted ILM flap ’plug’ versus autologous scleral ’plug’. Br J Ophthalmol 2020;104:1567–1573.
60. Pastor-Idoate S, Gomez-Resa M, Karam S, Copete S, Kyriakou D, Garcia-Arumi Fuste C, et al. Efficacy of internal limiting membrane flap techniques with vitrectomy for macular detachment associated with an optic disc pit. Ophthalmologica 2019;242:38–48.