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Sheibani N. Editorial – Connective Tissue Growth Factor: A Key Factor Among Mediators of Tissue Fibrosis. JOVR [Internet]. 2022Nov.24 [cited 2024Apr.18];17(4):449–452. Available from: https://knepublishing.com/index.php/JOVR/article/view/12294
https://doi.org/10.18502/jovr.v17i4.12294
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Nader Sheibani
Nader Sheibani
Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison WI, USA
Published Date
- Nov 24, 2022
Editorial – Connective Tissue Growth Factor: A Key Factor Among Mediators of Tissue Fibrosis
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References
1. Mallone F, Costi R, Marenco M, Plateroti R, Minni A, Attanasio G, et al. Understanding drivers of ocular fibrosis: Current and future therapeutic perspectives. Int J Mol Sci 2021;22:11748. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms222111748
2. Moon S, Lee S, Caesar JA, Pruchenko S, Leask A, Knowles JA, et al. A CTGF-YAP regulatory pathway is essential for angiogenesis and barriergenesis in the retina. Iscience 2020;23:101184.
3. Hachana S, Larrivée B. TGF-β; superfamily signaling in the eye: Implications for ocular pathologies. Cells 2022;11:2336.
4. Razzaque MS, Foster CS, Ahmed AR. Role of connective tissue growth factor in the pathogenesis of conjunctival scarring in ocular cicatricial pemphigoid. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2003;44:1998–2003.
5. He S, Jin ML, Worpel V, Hinton DR. A role for connective tissue growth factor in the pathogenesis of choroidal neovascularization. Arch Ophthalmol 2003;121:1283– 1288.
6. He S, Chen Y, Khankan R, Barron E, Burton R, Zhu D, et al. Connective tissue growth factor as a mediator of intraocular fibrosis. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2008;49:4078–4088.
7. Junglas B, Kuespert S, Seleem AA, Struller T, Ullmann S, Bösl M, et al. Connective tissue growth factor causes glaucoma by modifying the actin cytoskeleton of the trabecular meshwork. Am J Pathol 2012;180:2386–2403.
8. Kuiper EJ, de Smet MD, van Meurs JC, Tan HS, Tanck MW, Oliver N, et al. Association of connective tissue growth factor with fibrosis in vitreoretinal disorders in the human eye. Arch Ophthalmol 2006;124:1457–1462.
9. Esson DW, Neelakantan A, Iyer SA, Blalock TD, Balasubramanian L, Grotendorst GR, et al. Expression of connective tissue growth factor after glaucoma filtration surgery in a rabbit model. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2004;45:485–491.
10. Junglas B, Yu AH, Welge-Lüssen U, Tamm ER, Fuchshofer R. Connective tissue growth factor induces extracellular matrix deposition in human trabecular meshwork cells. Exp Eye Res 2009;88:1065–1075.
11. Daniels JT, Schultz GS, Blalock TD, Garrett Q, Grotendorst GR, Dean NM, et al. Mediation of transforming growth factor-beta(1)-stimulated matrix contraction by fibroblasts: a role for connective tissue growth factor in contractile scarring. Am J Pathol 2003;163:2043–2052.
12. Gu C, Shi X, Dang X, Chen J, Chen C, Chen Y, et al. Identification of common genes and pathways in eight fibrosis diseases. Front Genet 2020;11:627396.
13. Wang JM, Hui N, Fan YZ, Xiong L, Sun NX. Filtering bleb area and intraocular pressure following subconjunctival injection of CTGF antibody after glaucoma filtration surgery in rabbits. Int J Ophthalmol 2011;4:480–483.
14. Daftarian N, Rohani S, Kanavi MR, Suri F, Mirrahimi M, Hafezi-Moghadam A, et al. Effects of intravitreal connective tissue growth factor neutralizing antibody on choroidal neovascular membrane-associated subretinal fibrosis. Exp Eye Res 2019;184:286–295.
15. Bagheri A, Soheili ZS, Ahmadieh H, Samiei S, Sheibani N, Astaneh SD, et al. Simultaneous application of bevacizumab and anti-CTGF antibody effectively suppresses proangiogenic and profibrotic factors in human RPE cells. Mol Vis 2015;21:378–390.
16. Daftarian N, Baigy O, Suri F, Kanavi MR, Balagholi S, Afsar Aski S, et al. Intravitreal connective tissue growth factor neutralizing antibody or bevacizumab alone or in combination for prevention of proliferative vitreoretinopathy in an experimental model. Exp Eye Res 2021;208:108622.
17. Lim DH, Kim TE, Kee C. Evaluation of adenovirusmediated down-regulation of connective tissue growth factor on postoperative wound healing after experimental glaucoma surgery. Curr Eye Res 2016;41:951–956.
18. Jing J, Li P, Li T, Sun Y, Guan H. RNA interference targeting connective tissue growth factor inhibits the transforming growth factor- β 2 induced proliferation in human tenon capsule fibroblasts. J Ophthalmol 2013;2013:354798.
19. Lei D, Dong C, Wu WK, Dong A, Li T, Chan MT, et al. Lentiviral delivery of small hairpin rna targeting connective tissue growth factor blocks profibrotic signaling in tenon’s capsule fibroblasts. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2016;57:5171–5180.
20. Wang WH, Deng AJ, He SG. A key role of microrna-26a in the scar formation after glaucoma filtration surgery. Artif Cells Nanomed Biotechnol 2018;46:831–837.
21. Bao H, Jiang K, Meng K, Liu W, Liu P, Du Y, et al. TGF- β2 induces proliferation and inhibits apoptosis of human Tenon capsule fibroblast by mir-26 and its targeting of CTGF. Biomed Pharmacother 2018;104:558–565.
22. Futakuchi A, Inoue T, Wei FY, Inoue-Mochita M, Fujimoto T, Tomizawa K, et al. YAP/TAZ are essential for TGF-β2- mediated conjunctival fibrosis. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2018;59:3069–3078.
23. Chen WS, Cao Z, Krishnan C, Panjwani N. Verteporfin without light stimulation inhibits YAP activation in trabecular meshwork cells: Implications for glaucoma treatment. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2015;466:221– 225.
24. Liu Z, Li S, Qian X, Li L, Zhang H, Liu Z. Rhoa/ROCKYAP/ TAZ axis regulates the fibrotic activity in dexamethasone-treated human trabecular meshwork cells. Front Mol Bioscis 2021;8:728932.
25. Lee EJ, Han JC, Park DY, Cho J, Kee C. Effect of connective tissue growth factor gene editing using adeno-associated virus-mediated CRISPR-Cas9 on rabbit glaucoma filtering surgery outcomes. Gene Ther 2021;28:277–286.
26. Fang Y, Tian J, Fan Y, Cao P. Latest progress on the molecular mechanisms of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Mol Biol Rep 2020;47:9811–9820.
27. Wilson SE. Fibrosis is a basement membrane-related disease in the cornea: injury and defective regeneration of basement membranes may underlie fibrosis in other organs. Cells 2022;11.
28. Wallace DM, Murphy-Ullrich JE, Downs JC, O’Brien CJ. The role of matricellular proteins in glaucoma. Matrix Biol 2014;37:174–182.
29. Nikhalashree S, Karthikkeyan G, George R, Shantha B, Vijaya L, Ratra V, et al. Lowered decorin with aberrant extracellular matrix remodeling in aqueous humor and tenon’s tissue from primary glaucoma patients. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2019;60:4661–4669.
30. Kramann R, Schneider RK, dirocco DP, Machado F, Fleig S, Bondzie PA, et al. Perivascular Gli1+ progenitors are key contributors to injury-induced organ fibrosis. Cell Stem Cell 2015;16:51–66.
31. Kuiper EJ, Witmer AN, Klaassen I, Oliver N, Goldschmeding R, Schlingemann RO. Differential expression of connective tissue growth factor in microglia and pericytes in the human diabetic retina. Br J Ophthalmol 2004;88:1082–1087.
32. Liu H, Yang R, Tinner B, Choudhry A, Schutze N, Chaqour B. Cysteine-rich protein 61 and connective tissue growth factor induce deadhesion and anoikis of retinal pericytes. Endocrinology 2008;149:1666–1677.
33. Seher A, Nickel J, Mueller TD, Kneitz S, Gebhardt S, ter Vehn TM, et al. Gene expression profiling of connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) stimulated primary human tenon fibroblasts reveals an inflammatory and wound healing response in vitro. Mol Vis 2011;17:53–62.
34. Suzuma K, Naruse K, Suzuma I, Takahara N, Ueki K, Aiello LP, et al. Vascular endothelial growth factor induces expression of connective tissue growth factor via KDR, Flt1, and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-aktdependent pathways in retinal vascular cells. J Biol Chem 2000;275:40725–40731.
35. Tanaka S, Zheng S, Kharel Y, Fritzemeier RG, Huang T, Foster D, et al. Sphingosine 1-phosphate signaling in perivascular cells enhances inflammation and fibrosis in the kidney. Sci Transl Med 2022;14:eabj2681.
36. Rao A, Cruz RD. Trabeculectomy: Does it have a future? Cureus 2022;14:e27834.
37. Koike KJ, Chang PT. Trabeculectomy: A brief history and review of current trends. Int Ophthalmol Clin 2018;58:117– 133.
38. Hassanpour K, Rezaei Kanavi M, Daftarian N, Samaeili A, Suri S, Parkravan M, et al. The inhibitory effect of connective tissue growth factor antibody on postoperative fibrosis in a rabbit model of trabeculectomy. J Ophthalmic Vis Res 2022;17;4:486–496.
39. Motevasseli T, Daftarian N, Kanavi MR, Ahmadieh H, Bagheri A, Hosseini SB, et al. Ocular safety of intravitreal connective tissue growth factor neutralizing antibody. Curr Eye Res 2017;42:1194–1201.
40. Garoffolo G, Casaburo M, Amadeo F, Salvi M, Bernava G, Piacentini L, et al. Reduction of Cardiac fibrosis by interference with YAP-dependent transactivation. Circ Res 2022;131:239–257.
41. Ho LTY, Skiba N, Ullmer C, Rao PV. Lysophosphatidic acid induces ECM Production via activation of the mechanosensitive YAP/TAZ transcriptional pathway in trabecular meshwork cells. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2018;59:1969–1984.
42. Dillinger AE, Kuespert S, Froemel F, Tamm ER, Fuchshofer R. CCN2/CTGF promotor activity in the developing and adult mouse eye. Cell Tissue Res 2021;384:625–641.
43. Gibson DJ, Pi L, Sriram S, Mao C, Petersen BE, Scott EW, et al. Conditional knockout of CTGF affects corneal wound healing. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2014;55:2062–2070.
44. Kuiper EJ, Roestenberg P, Ehlken C, Lambert V, van Treslong-de Groot HB, Lyons KM, et al. Angiogenesis is not impaired in connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) knockout mice. J Histochem Cytochem 2007;55:1139–1147.
45. Wang S, Zaitoun IS, Darjatmoko SR, Sheibani N, Sorenson CM. Bim expression promotes the clearance of mononuclear phagocytes during choroidal neovascularization, mitigating scar formation in mice. Life 2022;12:208. 452factor induce deadhesion and anoikis of retinal pericytes. Endocrinology 2008;149:1666–1677.
2. Moon S, Lee S, Caesar JA, Pruchenko S, Leask A, Knowles JA, et al. A CTGF-YAP regulatory pathway is essential for angiogenesis and barriergenesis in the retina. Iscience 2020;23:101184.
3. Hachana S, Larrivée B. TGF-β; superfamily signaling in the eye: Implications for ocular pathologies. Cells 2022;11:2336.
4. Razzaque MS, Foster CS, Ahmed AR. Role of connective tissue growth factor in the pathogenesis of conjunctival scarring in ocular cicatricial pemphigoid. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2003;44:1998–2003.
5. He S, Jin ML, Worpel V, Hinton DR. A role for connective tissue growth factor in the pathogenesis of choroidal neovascularization. Arch Ophthalmol 2003;121:1283– 1288.
6. He S, Chen Y, Khankan R, Barron E, Burton R, Zhu D, et al. Connective tissue growth factor as a mediator of intraocular fibrosis. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2008;49:4078–4088.
7. Junglas B, Kuespert S, Seleem AA, Struller T, Ullmann S, Bösl M, et al. Connective tissue growth factor causes glaucoma by modifying the actin cytoskeleton of the trabecular meshwork. Am J Pathol 2012;180:2386–2403.
8. Kuiper EJ, de Smet MD, van Meurs JC, Tan HS, Tanck MW, Oliver N, et al. Association of connective tissue growth factor with fibrosis in vitreoretinal disorders in the human eye. Arch Ophthalmol 2006;124:1457–1462.
9. Esson DW, Neelakantan A, Iyer SA, Blalock TD, Balasubramanian L, Grotendorst GR, et al. Expression of connective tissue growth factor after glaucoma filtration surgery in a rabbit model. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2004;45:485–491.
10. Junglas B, Yu AH, Welge-Lüssen U, Tamm ER, Fuchshofer R. Connective tissue growth factor induces extracellular matrix deposition in human trabecular meshwork cells. Exp Eye Res 2009;88:1065–1075.
11. Daniels JT, Schultz GS, Blalock TD, Garrett Q, Grotendorst GR, Dean NM, et al. Mediation of transforming growth factor-beta(1)-stimulated matrix contraction by fibroblasts: a role for connective tissue growth factor in contractile scarring. Am J Pathol 2003;163:2043–2052.
12. Gu C, Shi X, Dang X, Chen J, Chen C, Chen Y, et al. Identification of common genes and pathways in eight fibrosis diseases. Front Genet 2020;11:627396.
13. Wang JM, Hui N, Fan YZ, Xiong L, Sun NX. Filtering bleb area and intraocular pressure following subconjunctival injection of CTGF antibody after glaucoma filtration surgery in rabbits. Int J Ophthalmol 2011;4:480–483.
14. Daftarian N, Rohani S, Kanavi MR, Suri F, Mirrahimi M, Hafezi-Moghadam A, et al. Effects of intravitreal connective tissue growth factor neutralizing antibody on choroidal neovascular membrane-associated subretinal fibrosis. Exp Eye Res 2019;184:286–295.
15. Bagheri A, Soheili ZS, Ahmadieh H, Samiei S, Sheibani N, Astaneh SD, et al. Simultaneous application of bevacizumab and anti-CTGF antibody effectively suppresses proangiogenic and profibrotic factors in human RPE cells. Mol Vis 2015;21:378–390.
16. Daftarian N, Baigy O, Suri F, Kanavi MR, Balagholi S, Afsar Aski S, et al. Intravitreal connective tissue growth factor neutralizing antibody or bevacizumab alone or in combination for prevention of proliferative vitreoretinopathy in an experimental model. Exp Eye Res 2021;208:108622.
17. Lim DH, Kim TE, Kee C. Evaluation of adenovirusmediated down-regulation of connective tissue growth factor on postoperative wound healing after experimental glaucoma surgery. Curr Eye Res 2016;41:951–956.
18. Jing J, Li P, Li T, Sun Y, Guan H. RNA interference targeting connective tissue growth factor inhibits the transforming growth factor- β 2 induced proliferation in human tenon capsule fibroblasts. J Ophthalmol 2013;2013:354798.
19. Lei D, Dong C, Wu WK, Dong A, Li T, Chan MT, et al. Lentiviral delivery of small hairpin rna targeting connective tissue growth factor blocks profibrotic signaling in tenon’s capsule fibroblasts. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2016;57:5171–5180.
20. Wang WH, Deng AJ, He SG. A key role of microrna-26a in the scar formation after glaucoma filtration surgery. Artif Cells Nanomed Biotechnol 2018;46:831–837.
21. Bao H, Jiang K, Meng K, Liu W, Liu P, Du Y, et al. TGF- β2 induces proliferation and inhibits apoptosis of human Tenon capsule fibroblast by mir-26 and its targeting of CTGF. Biomed Pharmacother 2018;104:558–565.
22. Futakuchi A, Inoue T, Wei FY, Inoue-Mochita M, Fujimoto T, Tomizawa K, et al. YAP/TAZ are essential for TGF-β2- mediated conjunctival fibrosis. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2018;59:3069–3078.
23. Chen WS, Cao Z, Krishnan C, Panjwani N. Verteporfin without light stimulation inhibits YAP activation in trabecular meshwork cells: Implications for glaucoma treatment. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2015;466:221– 225.
24. Liu Z, Li S, Qian X, Li L, Zhang H, Liu Z. Rhoa/ROCKYAP/ TAZ axis regulates the fibrotic activity in dexamethasone-treated human trabecular meshwork cells. Front Mol Bioscis 2021;8:728932.
25. Lee EJ, Han JC, Park DY, Cho J, Kee C. Effect of connective tissue growth factor gene editing using adeno-associated virus-mediated CRISPR-Cas9 on rabbit glaucoma filtering surgery outcomes. Gene Ther 2021;28:277–286.
26. Fang Y, Tian J, Fan Y, Cao P. Latest progress on the molecular mechanisms of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Mol Biol Rep 2020;47:9811–9820.
27. Wilson SE. Fibrosis is a basement membrane-related disease in the cornea: injury and defective regeneration of basement membranes may underlie fibrosis in other organs. Cells 2022;11.
28. Wallace DM, Murphy-Ullrich JE, Downs JC, O’Brien CJ. The role of matricellular proteins in glaucoma. Matrix Biol 2014;37:174–182.
29. Nikhalashree S, Karthikkeyan G, George R, Shantha B, Vijaya L, Ratra V, et al. Lowered decorin with aberrant extracellular matrix remodeling in aqueous humor and tenon’s tissue from primary glaucoma patients. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2019;60:4661–4669.
30. Kramann R, Schneider RK, dirocco DP, Machado F, Fleig S, Bondzie PA, et al. Perivascular Gli1+ progenitors are key contributors to injury-induced organ fibrosis. Cell Stem Cell 2015;16:51–66.
31. Kuiper EJ, Witmer AN, Klaassen I, Oliver N, Goldschmeding R, Schlingemann RO. Differential expression of connective tissue growth factor in microglia and pericytes in the human diabetic retina. Br J Ophthalmol 2004;88:1082–1087.
32. Liu H, Yang R, Tinner B, Choudhry A, Schutze N, Chaqour B. Cysteine-rich protein 61 and connective tissue growth factor induce deadhesion and anoikis of retinal pericytes. Endocrinology 2008;149:1666–1677.
33. Seher A, Nickel J, Mueller TD, Kneitz S, Gebhardt S, ter Vehn TM, et al. Gene expression profiling of connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) stimulated primary human tenon fibroblasts reveals an inflammatory and wound healing response in vitro. Mol Vis 2011;17:53–62.
34. Suzuma K, Naruse K, Suzuma I, Takahara N, Ueki K, Aiello LP, et al. Vascular endothelial growth factor induces expression of connective tissue growth factor via KDR, Flt1, and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-aktdependent pathways in retinal vascular cells. J Biol Chem 2000;275:40725–40731.
35. Tanaka S, Zheng S, Kharel Y, Fritzemeier RG, Huang T, Foster D, et al. Sphingosine 1-phosphate signaling in perivascular cells enhances inflammation and fibrosis in the kidney. Sci Transl Med 2022;14:eabj2681.
36. Rao A, Cruz RD. Trabeculectomy: Does it have a future? Cureus 2022;14:e27834.
37. Koike KJ, Chang PT. Trabeculectomy: A brief history and review of current trends. Int Ophthalmol Clin 2018;58:117– 133.
38. Hassanpour K, Rezaei Kanavi M, Daftarian N, Samaeili A, Suri S, Parkravan M, et al. The inhibitory effect of connective tissue growth factor antibody on postoperative fibrosis in a rabbit model of trabeculectomy. J Ophthalmic Vis Res 2022;17;4:486–496.
39. Motevasseli T, Daftarian N, Kanavi MR, Ahmadieh H, Bagheri A, Hosseini SB, et al. Ocular safety of intravitreal connective tissue growth factor neutralizing antibody. Curr Eye Res 2017;42:1194–1201.
40. Garoffolo G, Casaburo M, Amadeo F, Salvi M, Bernava G, Piacentini L, et al. Reduction of Cardiac fibrosis by interference with YAP-dependent transactivation. Circ Res 2022;131:239–257.
41. Ho LTY, Skiba N, Ullmer C, Rao PV. Lysophosphatidic acid induces ECM Production via activation of the mechanosensitive YAP/TAZ transcriptional pathway in trabecular meshwork cells. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2018;59:1969–1984.
42. Dillinger AE, Kuespert S, Froemel F, Tamm ER, Fuchshofer R. CCN2/CTGF promotor activity in the developing and adult mouse eye. Cell Tissue Res 2021;384:625–641.
43. Gibson DJ, Pi L, Sriram S, Mao C, Petersen BE, Scott EW, et al. Conditional knockout of CTGF affects corneal wound healing. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2014;55:2062–2070.
44. Kuiper EJ, Roestenberg P, Ehlken C, Lambert V, van Treslong-de Groot HB, Lyons KM, et al. Angiogenesis is not impaired in connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) knockout mice. J Histochem Cytochem 2007;55:1139–1147.
45. Wang S, Zaitoun IS, Darjatmoko SR, Sheibani N, Sorenson CM. Bim expression promotes the clearance of mononuclear phagocytes during choroidal neovascularization, mitigating scar formation in mice. Life 2022;12:208. 452factor induce deadhesion and anoikis of retinal pericytes. Endocrinology 2008;149:1666–1677.