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Gaur A, Sarkar P. Eye: The Hard-hit Victim of the COVID-19 Pandemic. JOVR [Internet]. 2022Apr.29 [cited 2024Apr.24];17(2):290–295. Available from: https://knepublishing.com/index.php/JOVR/article/view/10805
https://doi.org/10.18502/jovr.v17i2.10805
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authors
-
Aman Gaur
Aman Gaur
Vardhman Mahavir Medical College & Safdarjung Hospital, New Delhi
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Prathama Sarkar
Prathama Sarkar
Deen Dayal Upadhyay Hospital, New Delhi
Published Date
- Apr 29, 2022
Eye: The Hard-hit Victim of the COVID-19 Pandemic
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has brought the entire world to a standstill. Wearing of mask and time-to-time sanitization have become a customary daily practice. Additionally, as the outdoor activities and movements have been curtailed, concept of work from home is being widely adopted. Hence, the screen exposure time has considerably increased. All these conditions have directly or indirectly impacted the health of eye. This article emphasizes on the repercussions of this pandemic on eye health. It also focuses on the precautions that may be taken to prevent them as well as some solutions to manage them.
Keywords:
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References
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12. Daruich A, Martin D, Bremond-Gignac D. Ocular manifestation as first sign of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): interest of telemedicine during the pandemic context. J Fr Ophtalmol 2020;43:389–391.
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21. Xia J, Tong J, Liu M, Shen Y, Guo D. Evaluation of coronavirus in tears and conjunctival secretions of patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection. J Med Virol 2020;92:589–594.
22. Kumar K, Prakash AA, Gangasagara SB, Rathod SB, Ravi K, Rangaiah A, et al. Presence of viral RNA of SARS-CoV-2 in conjunctival swab specimens of COVID-19 patients. Indian J Ophthalmol 2020;68:1015–1017.
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25. Wolkoff P. Ocular discomfort by environmental and personal risk factors altering the precorneal tear film. Toxicol Lett 2010;199:203–212.
26. Moshirfar M, West W, Marx D. Face mask-associated ocular irritation and dryness. Ophthalmol Ther 2020;9:397–400.
27. Aragona P, Simmons PA, Wang H, Wang T. Physicochemical properties of hyaluronic acid-based lubricant eye drops. Transl Vis Sci Technol 2019;8:2.
28. Blehm C, Vishnu S, Khattak A, Mitra S, Yee RW. Computer vision syndrome: a review. Surv Ophthalmol 2005;50:253–262.
29. Hart WM. Adler’s physiology of the eye. 9th ed. St. Louis: Mosby; 1992. The eyelids.
30. Abusharha AA. Changes in blink rate and ocular symptoms during different reading tasks. Clin Optom 2017;9:133–138.
31. American Optometric Association. Computer vision syndrome [Internet]. St. Louis, MO: American Optometric Association [cited 2021 May 16]. Available from: https://www.aoa.org/healthy-eyes/eye-and-visionconditions/ computer-vision-syndrome
32. Kochurova O, Portello J, Rosenfield M. Is the 3× reading rule appropriate for computer users? Displays 2015;38:38–43.
33. Vaughan C, Bartolo A, Vallabh N, Leong SC. A metaanalysis of survival factors in rhino-orbital-cerebral mucormycosis-has anything changed in the past 20 years? Clin Otolaryngol 2018;43:1454–1464.
34. Wali U, Balkhair A, Al-Mujaini A. Cerebro-rhino orbital mucormycosis: an update. J Infect Public Health 2012;5:116–126.
2. Salehi M, Ahmadikia K, Badali H, Khodavaisy S. Opportunistic fungal infections in the epidemic area of COVID-19: a clinical and diagnostic perspective from Iran. Mycopathologia 2020;185:607–611.
3. Song G, Liang G, Liu W. Fungal co-infections associated with global COVID-19 pandemic: a clinical and diagnostic perspective from China. Mycopathologia 2020;185:599–606.
4. Garcia-Vidal C, Sanjuan G, Moreno-García E, Puerta- Alcalde P, Garcia-Pouton N, Chumbita M, et al. Incidence of co-infections and superinfections in hospitalized patients with COVID-19: a retrospective cohort study. Clin Microbiol Infect 2021;27:83–88.
5. Segrelles-Calvo G, de S Araújo GR, Frases S. Systemic mycoses: a potential alert for complications in COVID-19 patients. Future Microbiol 2020;15:1405–1413.
6. Mehta S, Pandey A. Rhino-orbital mucormycosis associated with COVID-19. Cureus 2020;12:e10726.
7. Mekonnen ZK, Ashraf DC, Jankowski T, Grob SR, Vagefi MR, Kersten RC, et al. Acute invasive rhino-orbital mucormycosis in a patient with COVID-19-associated acute respiratory distress syndrome. Ophthalmic Plast Reconstr Surg 2021;37:e40–e80.
8. Sen M, Lahane S, Lahane TP, Parekh R, Honavar SG. Mucor in a viral land: a tale of two pathogens. Indian J Ophthalmol 2021;69:244–252.
9. Sarkar S, Gokhale T, Choudhury SS, Deb AK. COVID- 19 and orbital mucormycosis. Indian J Ophthalmol 2021;69:1002–1004.
10. Garg D, Muthu V, Sehgal IS, Ramachandran R, Kaur H, Bhalla A, et al. Coronavirus disease (Covid-19) associated mucormycosis (CAM): case report and systematic review of literature. Mycopathologia 2021;186:289–298.
11. Scalinci SZ, Trovato Battagliola E. Conjunctivitis can be the only presenting sign and symptom of COVID-19. IDCases 2020;20:e00774.
12. Daruich A, Martin D, Bremond-Gignac D. Ocular manifestation as first sign of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): interest of telemedicine during the pandemic context. J Fr Ophtalmol 2020;43:389–391.
13. Zhou Y, Duan C, Zeng Y, Tong Y, Nie Y, Yang Y, et al. Ocular findings and proportion with conjunctival SARS-COV-2 in COVID-19 patients. Ophthalmology 2020;127:982–983.
14. Wu P, Duan F, Luo C, Liu Q, Qu X, Liang L, et al. Characteristics of ocular findings of patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in Hubei Province, China. JAMA Ophthalmol 2020;138:575–578.
15. Chen L, Liu M, Zhang Z, Qiao K, Huang T, Chen M, et al. Ocular manifestations of a hospitalised patient with confirmed 2019 novel coronavirus disease. Br J Ophthalmol 2020 06;104:748–751.
16. Navel V, Chiambaretta F, Dutheil F. Haemorrhagic conjunctivitis with pseudomembranous related to SARSCoV- 2. Am J Ophthalmol Case Rep 2020;19:100735.
17. World Health Organisation. Report of the WHO–China Joint Mission on Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) [Internet]. WHO; 2020. Available from: https://www.who.int/docs/defaultsource/ coronaviruse/who-china-joint-mission-on-covid-19- final-report.pdf
18. Loffredo L, Pacella F, Pacella E, Tiscione G, Oliva A, Violi F. Conjunctivitis and COVID-19: a meta-analysis. J Med Virol 2020;10.1002/jmv.25938.
19. Aiello F, Gallo Afflitto G, Mancino R, Li JO, Cesareo M, Giannini C, et al. Coronavirus disease 2019 (SARS-CoV- 2) and colonization of ocular tissues and secretions: a systematic review. Eye 2020;34:1206–1211.
20. Gupta PC, Kumar M P, Ram J. COVID-19 pandemic from an ophthalmology point of view. Indian J Med Res 2020;151:411–418.
21. Xia J, Tong J, Liu M, Shen Y, Guo D. Evaluation of coronavirus in tears and conjunctival secretions of patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection. J Med Virol 2020;92:589–594.
22. Kumar K, Prakash AA, Gangasagara SB, Rathod SB, Ravi K, Rangaiah A, et al. Presence of viral RNA of SARS-CoV-2 in conjunctival swab specimens of COVID-19 patients. Indian J Ophthalmol 2020;68:1015–1017.
23. Chodosh J, Holland GN, Yeh S. Important coronavirus updates for ophthalmologists [Internet]. American San Francisco, CA: Academy of Ophthalmology; 2020 [cited 2020 July 23]. Available from: https://www.aao.org/headline/alert-important-coronaviruscontext
24. Cevik M, Tate M, Lloyd O, Maraolo A, Schafers J, Ho A. SARS-CoV-2, SARS-CoV, and MERS-CoV viral load dynamics, duration of viral shedding, and infectiousness: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Microbe 2021;2:e13–e22.
25. Wolkoff P. Ocular discomfort by environmental and personal risk factors altering the precorneal tear film. Toxicol Lett 2010;199:203–212.
26. Moshirfar M, West W, Marx D. Face mask-associated ocular irritation and dryness. Ophthalmol Ther 2020;9:397–400.
27. Aragona P, Simmons PA, Wang H, Wang T. Physicochemical properties of hyaluronic acid-based lubricant eye drops. Transl Vis Sci Technol 2019;8:2.
28. Blehm C, Vishnu S, Khattak A, Mitra S, Yee RW. Computer vision syndrome: a review. Surv Ophthalmol 2005;50:253–262.
29. Hart WM. Adler’s physiology of the eye. 9th ed. St. Louis: Mosby; 1992. The eyelids.
30. Abusharha AA. Changes in blink rate and ocular symptoms during different reading tasks. Clin Optom 2017;9:133–138.
31. American Optometric Association. Computer vision syndrome [Internet]. St. Louis, MO: American Optometric Association [cited 2021 May 16]. Available from: https://www.aoa.org/healthy-eyes/eye-and-visionconditions/ computer-vision-syndrome
32. Kochurova O, Portello J, Rosenfield M. Is the 3× reading rule appropriate for computer users? Displays 2015;38:38–43.
33. Vaughan C, Bartolo A, Vallabh N, Leong SC. A metaanalysis of survival factors in rhino-orbital-cerebral mucormycosis-has anything changed in the past 20 years? Clin Otolaryngol 2018;43:1454–1464.
34. Wali U, Balkhair A, Al-Mujaini A. Cerebro-rhino orbital mucormycosis: an update. J Infect Public Health 2012;5:116–126.