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Kafkalias, A., & Stavrou, M. (2017). Importance of Vitamin D in Athletes and Exercise; A mini review. Arab Journal of Nutrition and Exercise (AJNE), 2(3), 170-178. https://doi.org/10.18502/ajne.v2i3.1358
https://doi.org/10.18502/ajne.v2i3.1358
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Alexis Kafkalias
Alexis Kafkalias
Department of Life and Health Sciences, University of Nicosia, Nicosia, Cyprus
-
Marios Stavrou
No author data available.
Published Date
- Dec 28, 2017
Importance of Vitamin D in Athletes and Exercise; A mini review
Abstract
Vitamin D has an important role in the function of the cardiovascular, immune, and musculoskeletal systems. Regarding to this role there is a potential for vitamin D to affect the physical and athletic performance. To consider whether vitamin D is related to exercise, physical and athletic performance. We have examined a large number of literature related to the effect of vitamin D on exercise, physical and athletic performance. In elderly people with insufficient vitamin D levels, vitamin D supplementation improves muscle strength, balance and reduces falls. Furthermore, vitamin D supplementation to non-athletes and athletes with inadequate levels has helped to increase physical and athletic performance respectively. In contrast, in athletes or non-athletes where vitamin D levels are adequate, vitamin D supplementation is not correlated with improved athletic performance.
Vitamin D levels have a very important role in physical and athletic performance. Increasing or decreasing levels of vitamin d is associated with levels of performance.
Key Words: Vitamin D, Athletes, Performance, Sports
References
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[2] Andersen NE, Karl JP, Cable SJ, et al. Vitamin D status in female military personnel during combat training. J Int Soc Sports Nutr. 2010 Dec 14;7:38. doi: 10.1186/1550- 2783-7-38.
[3] Bentes CM, Resende M, Miranda H, Netto, et al. Can Vitamin D supplementation alone effective to increase a physical fitness levels in post-menopausal women with metabolic disorders? Brief Review. Diabetes Metab Syndr. 2017 Aug 24. pii: S1871-4021(17)30288-6. doi: 10.1016/j.dsx.2017.08.010.
[4] Bischoff-Ferrari, HA, Dietrich T, Orav EJ, et al. Higher 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations are associated with better lower-extremity function in both active and inactive persons aged > or =60 y. Am J Clin Nutr. 2004 Sep;80(3):752-8.
[5] Bunout D, Barrera G, Leiva L, et al. Effects of vitamin D supplementation and exercise training on physical performance in Chilean vitamin D deficient elderly subjects. Exp Gerontol. 2006 Aug;41(8):746-52. Epub 2006 Jun 22.
[6] Cannell JJ, Hollis BW, Sorenson MB, et al. Athletic performance and vitamin D. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2009 May;41(5):1102-10. doi: 10.1249/MSS.0b013e3181930c2b.
[7] Cannell JJ, Hollis BW, Sorenson MB, et al. Athletic performance and vitamin D. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2009 May;41(5):1102-10. doi: 10.1249/MSS.0b013e3181930c2b.
[8] Ceglia L. Vitamin D and skeletal muscle tissue and function. Mol Aspects Med. 2008 Dec;29(6):407-14. doi: 10.1016/j.mam.2008.07.002. Epub 2008 Aug 8
[9] Close GL, Leckey J, Patterson M, et al. The effects of vitamin D (3) supplementation on serum total 25[OH]D concentration and physical performance: a randomised dose-response study. Br J Sports Med. 2013 Jul;47(11):692-6. doi: 10.1136/bjsports2012-091735. Epub 2013 Feb 14.
[10] Close GL, Russell J, Cobley JN, et al. Assessment of vitamin D concentration in nonsupplemented professional athletes and healthy adults during the winter months in the UK: implications for skeletal muscle function. J Sports Sci. 2013;31(4):344-53. doi: 10.1080/02640414.2012.733822.
[11] Constantini NW, Arieli R, Chodick G, et al. High prevalence of vitamin D insufficiency in athletes and dancers. Clin J Sport Med. 2010 Sep;20(5):368-71. doi: 10.1097/JSM.0b013e3181f207f2.
[12] Dahlquist DT, Dieter BP, Koehle MS. Plausible ergogenic effects of vitamin D on athletic performance and recovery. J Int Soc Sports Nutr. 2015 Aug 19;12:33. doi: 10.1186/s12970-015-0093-8. eCollection 2015.
[13] Dhesi JK, Jackson SH, Bearne LM, et al. Vitamin D supplementation improves neuromuscular function in older people who fall. Age Ageing. 2004 Nov;33(6):589- 95.
[14] doi: 10.1046/j.1525-1497.2002.20731.x
[15] Dubnov-Raz G, Livne N, Raz R, et al. Vitamin D Supplementation and Physical Performance in Adolescent Swimmers. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab. 2015 Aug;25(4):317-25. doi: 10.1123/ijsnem.2014-0180
[16] Fabrizio Angelini, Fulvio Marzatico, Gianluca Stesina, et al. Seasonal pattern of vitamin D in male elite soccer players. J Int Soc Sports Nutr. 2011; 8(Suppl 1): P35.
[17] Fairbairn KA, Ceelen IJ, Skeaff CM, et al. Vitamin D3 Supplementation Does Not Improve Sprint Performance in Professional Rugby Players: A Randomised, PlaceboControlled Double-Blind Intervention Study. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab. 2017 Aug 3:1-24. doi: 10.1123/ijsnem.2017-0157.
[18] Farrokhyar F, Sivakumar G., Savage K, et al. Effects of Vitamin D Supplementation on Serum 25-Hydroxyvitamin D Concentrations and Physical Performance in Athletes: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. Sports Med. 2017 Nov;47(11):2323-2339. doi: 10.1007/s40279-017-0749-4.
[19] Farrokhyar F, Tabasinejad R, Dao D, et al. Prevalence of vitamin D inadequacy in athletes: a systematic-review and meta-analysis. Sports Med. 2015 Mar;45(3):365- 78. doi: 10.1007/s40279-014-0267-6.
[20] Fitzgerald JS, Peterson BJ, Warpeha JM, et al. Association Between Vitamin D Status and Maximal-Intensity Exercise Performance in Junior and Collegiate Hockey Players. J Strength Cond Res. 2015 Sep;29(9):2513-21. doi:
10.1519/JSC.0000000000000887.
[21] Flueck JL, Schlaepfer MW, Perret C. Effect of 12-Week Vitamin D Supplementation on 25[OH]D Status and Performance in Athletes with a Spinal Cord Injury. Nutrients. 2016 Sep 22;8(10). pii: E586. doi: 10.3390/nu8100586.
[22] Forney LA, Earnest CP, Henagan TM, et al. Vitamin D status, body composition, and fitness measures in college-aged students. J Strength Cond Res. 2014 Mar;28(3):814-24. doi: 10.1519/JSC.0b013e3182a35ed0.
[23] Franklin D, Shuler MD, Matthew K, et al. Sports Health Benefits of Vitamin D. Sports Health. 2012 Nov; 4(6): 496–501. doi: 10.1177/1941738112461621
[24] Gerdhem P, Ringsberg KA, Obrant KJ, et al. Association between 25-hydroxy vitamin D levels, physical activity, muscle strength and fractures in the prospective population-based OPRA Study of Elderly Women. Osteoporos Int. 2005 Nov;16(11):1425-31. Epub 2005 Mar 3
[25] Hamilton B, Whiteley R, Farooq A, et al. Vitamin D concentration in 342 professional football players and association with lower limb isokinetic function. J Sci Med Sport. 2014 Jan;17(1):139-43. doi:
: 10.1016/j.jsams.2013.03.006. Epub 2013 Apr 23
[26] Heffler E, Bonini M, Brussino L, et al. Vitamin D deficiency and exercise-induced laryngospasm in young competitive rowers. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab. 2016 Jul;41(7):735-40. doi: 10.1139/apnm-2015-0517.
[27] Holick MF. Sunlight and Vitamin D. J Gen Intern Med. 2002 Sep; 17(9): 733–735.
[28] Holick MF. Vitamin D: a millennium perspective. J Cell Biochem. 2003 Feb1;88(2):296-307.
[29] Houston DK, Cesari M, Ferrucci L, et al. Association between vitamin D status and physical performance: the InCHIANTI study. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2007 Apr;62(4):440-6.
[30] Kalyani Rastogi Rita, Stein Brady, Valiyil Ritu, et al. Vitamin D Treatment for the Prevention of Falls in Older Adults: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2010 Jul;58(7):1299-310. doi: 10.1111/j.1532-5415.2010.02949.x. Epub 2010 Jun 23.
[31] Koundourakis NE, Androulakis NE, Malliarak N, et al. Vitamin D and Exercise Performance in Professional Soccer Players. PLoS One. 2014; 9(7): e101659.
[32] Koundourakis NE, Avgoustinaki PD, Malliaraki N, et al. Muscular effects of vitamin D in young athletes and non-athletes and in the elderly. Hormones (Athens). 2016 Oct;15(4):471-488. doi: 10.14310/horm.2002.1705.
[33] Larson-Meyer DE, Willis KS. Vitamin D and athletes. Curr Sports Med Rep. 2010 JulAug;9(4):220-6. doi: 10.1249/JSR.0b013e3181e7dd45.
[34] Lovell G. Vitamin D status of females in an elite gymnastics program. Clin J Sport Med. 2008 Mar;18(2):159-61. doi: 10.1097/JSM.0b013e3181650eee.
[35] Maroon JC, Mathyssek CM, Bost JW, et al. Vitamin D profile in National Football League players. Am J Sports Med. 2015 May;43(5):1241-5.doi:10.1177/0363546514567297. Epub 2015 Feb 3.
[36] Moran SM, McClung JP, Kohen T, et al. Vitamin D and physical performance. Sports Med. 2013 Jul;43(7):601-11. doi: 10.1007/s40279-013-0036-y.
[37] Nieman DC, Gillitt ND, Shanely RA, et al. Vitamin D2 supplementation amplifies eccentric exercise-induced muscle damage in NASCAR pit crew athletes. Nutrients. 2014 Jan; 6(1): 63–75. doi: 10.3390/nu6010063
[38] Nima Mehran, Brian M. Schulz., Brian R. Neri et al. Prevalence of Vitamin D Insufficiency in Professional Hockey Players. Orthop J Sports Med. 2016 Dec; 4(12): 2325967116677512.
[39] Papandreou D. Andreou E. Role of diet on non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: An updated narrative review. World J Hepatol. 2015 Mar 27;7(3):575-82. doi: 10.4254/wjh.v7.i3.575. Review.
[40] Papandreou D, Hamid ZT. The Role of Vitamin D in Diabetes and Cardiovascular Disease: An Updated Review of the Literature. Dis Markers. 2015; 2015:580474. doi: 10.1155/2015/580474. Epub 2015 Oct 20. Review.
[41] Russell J. Osteomalacic myopathy. Muscle Nerve. 1994 Jun;17(6):578-80.
[42] Todd JJ, McSorley EM, Pourshahidi LK, et al. Vitamin D3 supplementation using an oral spray solution resolves deficiency but has no effect on VO2 max in Gaelic footballers: results from a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Eur J Nutr. 2017 Jun;56(4):1577-1587. doi: 10.1007/s00394-016-1202-4. Epub 2016 Mar
25.
[43] Von Hurst PR, Beck KL. Vitamin D and skeletal muscle function in athletes. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care. 2014 Nov;17(6):539-45. doi: 10.1097/MCO.0000000000000105.
[44] Ward KA, Das G, Berry JL, et al. Vitamin D status and muscle function in postmenarchal adolescent girls. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2009 Feb;94(2):559-63. doi: 10.1210/jc.2008-1284. Epub 2008 Nov 25.
[45] Wicherts IS, van Schoor NM, Boeke AJ, et al. Vitamin D status predicts physical performance and its decline in older persons. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2007 Jun;92(6):2058-65. Epub 2007 Mar 6
[46] Willis KS, Smith DT, Broughton KS, et al. Vitamin D status and biomarkers of inflammation in runners. Open Access J Sports Med. 2012; 3: 35–42.
[2] Andersen NE, Karl JP, Cable SJ, et al. Vitamin D status in female military personnel during combat training. J Int Soc Sports Nutr. 2010 Dec 14;7:38. doi: 10.1186/1550- 2783-7-38.
[3] Bentes CM, Resende M, Miranda H, Netto, et al. Can Vitamin D supplementation alone effective to increase a physical fitness levels in post-menopausal women with metabolic disorders? Brief Review. Diabetes Metab Syndr. 2017 Aug 24. pii: S1871-4021(17)30288-6. doi: 10.1016/j.dsx.2017.08.010.
[4] Bischoff-Ferrari, HA, Dietrich T, Orav EJ, et al. Higher 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations are associated with better lower-extremity function in both active and inactive persons aged > or =60 y. Am J Clin Nutr. 2004 Sep;80(3):752-8.
[5] Bunout D, Barrera G, Leiva L, et al. Effects of vitamin D supplementation and exercise training on physical performance in Chilean vitamin D deficient elderly subjects. Exp Gerontol. 2006 Aug;41(8):746-52. Epub 2006 Jun 22.
[6] Cannell JJ, Hollis BW, Sorenson MB, et al. Athletic performance and vitamin D. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2009 May;41(5):1102-10. doi: 10.1249/MSS.0b013e3181930c2b.
[7] Cannell JJ, Hollis BW, Sorenson MB, et al. Athletic performance and vitamin D. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2009 May;41(5):1102-10. doi: 10.1249/MSS.0b013e3181930c2b.
[8] Ceglia L. Vitamin D and skeletal muscle tissue and function. Mol Aspects Med. 2008 Dec;29(6):407-14. doi: 10.1016/j.mam.2008.07.002. Epub 2008 Aug 8
[9] Close GL, Leckey J, Patterson M, et al. The effects of vitamin D (3) supplementation on serum total 25[OH]D concentration and physical performance: a randomised dose-response study. Br J Sports Med. 2013 Jul;47(11):692-6. doi: 10.1136/bjsports2012-091735. Epub 2013 Feb 14.
[10] Close GL, Russell J, Cobley JN, et al. Assessment of vitamin D concentration in nonsupplemented professional athletes and healthy adults during the winter months in the UK: implications for skeletal muscle function. J Sports Sci. 2013;31(4):344-53. doi: 10.1080/02640414.2012.733822.
[11] Constantini NW, Arieli R, Chodick G, et al. High prevalence of vitamin D insufficiency in athletes and dancers. Clin J Sport Med. 2010 Sep;20(5):368-71. doi: 10.1097/JSM.0b013e3181f207f2.
[12] Dahlquist DT, Dieter BP, Koehle MS. Plausible ergogenic effects of vitamin D on athletic performance and recovery. J Int Soc Sports Nutr. 2015 Aug 19;12:33. doi: 10.1186/s12970-015-0093-8. eCollection 2015.
[13] Dhesi JK, Jackson SH, Bearne LM, et al. Vitamin D supplementation improves neuromuscular function in older people who fall. Age Ageing. 2004 Nov;33(6):589- 95.
[14] doi: 10.1046/j.1525-1497.2002.20731.x
[15] Dubnov-Raz G, Livne N, Raz R, et al. Vitamin D Supplementation and Physical Performance in Adolescent Swimmers. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab. 2015 Aug;25(4):317-25. doi: 10.1123/ijsnem.2014-0180
[16] Fabrizio Angelini, Fulvio Marzatico, Gianluca Stesina, et al. Seasonal pattern of vitamin D in male elite soccer players. J Int Soc Sports Nutr. 2011; 8(Suppl 1): P35.
[17] Fairbairn KA, Ceelen IJ, Skeaff CM, et al. Vitamin D3 Supplementation Does Not Improve Sprint Performance in Professional Rugby Players: A Randomised, PlaceboControlled Double-Blind Intervention Study. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab. 2017 Aug 3:1-24. doi: 10.1123/ijsnem.2017-0157.
[18] Farrokhyar F, Sivakumar G., Savage K, et al. Effects of Vitamin D Supplementation on Serum 25-Hydroxyvitamin D Concentrations and Physical Performance in Athletes: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. Sports Med. 2017 Nov;47(11):2323-2339. doi: 10.1007/s40279-017-0749-4.
[19] Farrokhyar F, Tabasinejad R, Dao D, et al. Prevalence of vitamin D inadequacy in athletes: a systematic-review and meta-analysis. Sports Med. 2015 Mar;45(3):365- 78. doi: 10.1007/s40279-014-0267-6.
[20] Fitzgerald JS, Peterson BJ, Warpeha JM, et al. Association Between Vitamin D Status and Maximal-Intensity Exercise Performance in Junior and Collegiate Hockey Players. J Strength Cond Res. 2015 Sep;29(9):2513-21. doi:
10.1519/JSC.0000000000000887.
[21] Flueck JL, Schlaepfer MW, Perret C. Effect of 12-Week Vitamin D Supplementation on 25[OH]D Status and Performance in Athletes with a Spinal Cord Injury. Nutrients. 2016 Sep 22;8(10). pii: E586. doi: 10.3390/nu8100586.
[22] Forney LA, Earnest CP, Henagan TM, et al. Vitamin D status, body composition, and fitness measures in college-aged students. J Strength Cond Res. 2014 Mar;28(3):814-24. doi: 10.1519/JSC.0b013e3182a35ed0.
[23] Franklin D, Shuler MD, Matthew K, et al. Sports Health Benefits of Vitamin D. Sports Health. 2012 Nov; 4(6): 496–501. doi: 10.1177/1941738112461621
[24] Gerdhem P, Ringsberg KA, Obrant KJ, et al. Association between 25-hydroxy vitamin D levels, physical activity, muscle strength and fractures in the prospective population-based OPRA Study of Elderly Women. Osteoporos Int. 2005 Nov;16(11):1425-31. Epub 2005 Mar 3
[25] Hamilton B, Whiteley R, Farooq A, et al. Vitamin D concentration in 342 professional football players and association with lower limb isokinetic function. J Sci Med Sport. 2014 Jan;17(1):139-43. doi:
: 10.1016/j.jsams.2013.03.006. Epub 2013 Apr 23
[26] Heffler E, Bonini M, Brussino L, et al. Vitamin D deficiency and exercise-induced laryngospasm in young competitive rowers. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab. 2016 Jul;41(7):735-40. doi: 10.1139/apnm-2015-0517.
[27] Holick MF. Sunlight and Vitamin D. J Gen Intern Med. 2002 Sep; 17(9): 733–735.
[28] Holick MF. Vitamin D: a millennium perspective. J Cell Biochem. 2003 Feb1;88(2):296-307.
[29] Houston DK, Cesari M, Ferrucci L, et al. Association between vitamin D status and physical performance: the InCHIANTI study. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2007 Apr;62(4):440-6.
[30] Kalyani Rastogi Rita, Stein Brady, Valiyil Ritu, et al. Vitamin D Treatment for the Prevention of Falls in Older Adults: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2010 Jul;58(7):1299-310. doi: 10.1111/j.1532-5415.2010.02949.x. Epub 2010 Jun 23.
[31] Koundourakis NE, Androulakis NE, Malliarak N, et al. Vitamin D and Exercise Performance in Professional Soccer Players. PLoS One. 2014; 9(7): e101659.
[32] Koundourakis NE, Avgoustinaki PD, Malliaraki N, et al. Muscular effects of vitamin D in young athletes and non-athletes and in the elderly. Hormones (Athens). 2016 Oct;15(4):471-488. doi: 10.14310/horm.2002.1705.
[33] Larson-Meyer DE, Willis KS. Vitamin D and athletes. Curr Sports Med Rep. 2010 JulAug;9(4):220-6. doi: 10.1249/JSR.0b013e3181e7dd45.
[34] Lovell G. Vitamin D status of females in an elite gymnastics program. Clin J Sport Med. 2008 Mar;18(2):159-61. doi: 10.1097/JSM.0b013e3181650eee.
[35] Maroon JC, Mathyssek CM, Bost JW, et al. Vitamin D profile in National Football League players. Am J Sports Med. 2015 May;43(5):1241-5.doi:10.1177/0363546514567297. Epub 2015 Feb 3.
[36] Moran SM, McClung JP, Kohen T, et al. Vitamin D and physical performance. Sports Med. 2013 Jul;43(7):601-11. doi: 10.1007/s40279-013-0036-y.
[37] Nieman DC, Gillitt ND, Shanely RA, et al. Vitamin D2 supplementation amplifies eccentric exercise-induced muscle damage in NASCAR pit crew athletes. Nutrients. 2014 Jan; 6(1): 63–75. doi: 10.3390/nu6010063
[38] Nima Mehran, Brian M. Schulz., Brian R. Neri et al. Prevalence of Vitamin D Insufficiency in Professional Hockey Players. Orthop J Sports Med. 2016 Dec; 4(12): 2325967116677512.
[39] Papandreou D. Andreou E. Role of diet on non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: An updated narrative review. World J Hepatol. 2015 Mar 27;7(3):575-82. doi: 10.4254/wjh.v7.i3.575. Review.
[40] Papandreou D, Hamid ZT. The Role of Vitamin D in Diabetes and Cardiovascular Disease: An Updated Review of the Literature. Dis Markers. 2015; 2015:580474. doi: 10.1155/2015/580474. Epub 2015 Oct 20. Review.
[41] Russell J. Osteomalacic myopathy. Muscle Nerve. 1994 Jun;17(6):578-80.
[42] Todd JJ, McSorley EM, Pourshahidi LK, et al. Vitamin D3 supplementation using an oral spray solution resolves deficiency but has no effect on VO2 max in Gaelic footballers: results from a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Eur J Nutr. 2017 Jun;56(4):1577-1587. doi: 10.1007/s00394-016-1202-4. Epub 2016 Mar
25.
[43] Von Hurst PR, Beck KL. Vitamin D and skeletal muscle function in athletes. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care. 2014 Nov;17(6):539-45. doi: 10.1097/MCO.0000000000000105.
[44] Ward KA, Das G, Berry JL, et al. Vitamin D status and muscle function in postmenarchal adolescent girls. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2009 Feb;94(2):559-63. doi: 10.1210/jc.2008-1284. Epub 2008 Nov 25.
[45] Wicherts IS, van Schoor NM, Boeke AJ, et al. Vitamin D status predicts physical performance and its decline in older persons. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2007 Jun;92(6):2058-65. Epub 2007 Mar 6
[46] Willis KS, Smith DT, Broughton KS, et al. Vitamin D status and biomarkers of inflammation in runners. Open Access J Sports Med. 2012; 3: 35–42.