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Masoga, S., Wisdom Mboweni, N., & Matlala Ramokolo, K. (2023). Use of Ergogenic Substances amongst Bodybuilding Athletes Around Polokwane Municipality, Limpopo Province, South Africa. Arab Journal of Nutrition and Exercise (AJNE), 7(1), 33–46. https://doi.org/10.18502/ajne.v7i1.13427
https://doi.org/10.18502/ajne.v7i1.13427
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authors
-
Sylven Masoga
Sylven Masoga
Department of Human Nutrition and Dietetics, University of Limpopo, South Africa
-
Ntsako Wisdom Mboweni
Ntsako Wisdom Mboweni
Department of Human Nutrition and Dietetics, University of Limpopo, South Africa
-
Khutso Matlala Ramokolo
Khutso Matlala Ramokolo
Department of Human Nutrition and Dietetics, University of Limpopo, South Africa
Published Date
- May 31, 2023
Use of Ergogenic Substances amongst Bodybuilding Athletes Around Polokwane Municipality, Limpopo Province, South Africa
Abstract
Background: Although there is a lack of scientific evidence supporting the use of some ergogenic substances, it remains a common practice among bodybuilding athletes. Nevertheless, the use of ergogenics among bodybuilding athletes around Polokwane Municipality (PM) in Limpopo Province remains unknown.
Aim: To determine the use of ergogenic substances amongst bodybuilding athletes around Polokwane municipality in Limpopo Province.
Methods: A descriptive study with a purposive sampling technique was used to obtain 51 amateur bodybuilding athletes in gyms around PM. Ethical approval and permission were obtained from the MEDUNSA Research and Ethics Committee (MREC) and coaches respectively. Sampled athletes signed written informed consent forms. Data collection was done using self-designed questionnaires covering the demography, training information, and the use of ergogenic agents. Data were loaded onto the SPSS (v.23) and analyzed. Descriptive tests were used to describe ergogenic use through ranges, percentages, means, and standard deviations (±SD).
Results: The majority (94.1%) were males, of which 66.7% participated as bodybuilders for ≤2 years. Almost all athletes (86.3%) trained three to four days a week for 1–3 hr (94.1%) on weekdays. Only 37.3% relied on coaches for nutrition information followed by those who used social media (29.4%), teammates (29.3%), and nutrition experts (4.0%). A few athletes (15.7%) used ergogenics, of them, 13.7% used creatine and 2.0% vitamin capsules.
Conclusion: Overall, Polokwane bodybuilders were not using ergogenic agents during their bodybuilding sports careers.
Keywords: bodybuilding, ergogenic agents, supplements and athletes
References
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[22] Khemtong C, Kuo C-H, Chen C-Y, Jaime SJ, Condello G. Does branched-chain amino acids (bcaas) supplementation attenuates muscle damage markers and soreness after resistance exercise in trained males? A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Nutrients. 2021;13:1880. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13061880
[23] Heaton LE, Davis JK, Rawson ES, et al. Selected in-season nutritional strategies to enhance recovery for team sport athletes: A practical overview. Sports Medicine. 2016;47:2201–2218. DOI: 10.1007/s40279-0759-2
[24] Pietrzak1 A, Kęska A, Saghebjoo M, Nezamdoost Z. Intake of antioxidant vitamins in women with different physical activity levels. Biomedical Human Kinetics. 2020;12:166–172. DOI: 10.2478/bhk-2020-0021
[25] Carlsohn A, Braun H, Großhauser M, et al. Minerals and vitamins in sports nutrition. Position of the working group sports nutrition of the German Nutrition Society (DGE). Ernahrungs Umschau 2019;66(12):250–257. DOI: 10.4455/eu.2019.050
[26] Chappell AJ, Simper T, Helms E. Nutritional strategies of British professional and amateur natural bodybuilders during competition preparation. Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition. 2019;16:35. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12970-019-0302-y
[27] Escalante G, Stevenson SW, Barakat C, Aragon A, Schoenfeld BJ. Peak week recommendations for bodybuilders: An evidence-based approach. BMC Sports Science, Medicine and Rehabilitation. 2021;13:68. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13102-021-00296-y
[28] Grozenski A, Kiel J. Basic nutrition for sports participation, Part 2: Vitamins and minerals. American College of Sports Medicine. 2020;12(19):508–510. 1537-890X/1912/508–510
[29] Dunford M, Doyle JA. Nutrition for sports and exercise. 4th ed. United States of America: Cengage Learning, Inc.; 2019.
[30] Ravindra PV, Janhavi P, Divyashree S, Muthukumar SP. Nutritional interventions for improving the endurance performance in athletes. Archives of Physiology and Biochemistry. 2020;2–9. DOI: 10.1080/13813455.2020.1733025
[31] Krzywa´nski J, Mikulski T, Pokrywka A, et al. Vitamin B12 status and optimal range for hemoglobin formation in elite athletes. Nutrients. 2020;12:1038. DOI:10.3390/nu12041038
[32] Madden RF, Shearer J, Parnell JA. Evaluation of dietary intakes and supplement use in paralympic athletes. Nutrients. 2017;9:1266. DOI:10.3390/nu9111266
[33] Monteiro JCV, Pimentel GD, Sousa MV. Relationship between Body Mass Index with dietary fiber intake and skinfolds-differences among bodybuilders who train during morning and nocturne period. Nutricia Hospital. 2012;27(3):929–935.
[34] Gaines RP. Comparison of anthropometric measures of competitive bodybuilders to judges’ scores and a comparison of judges’ scores. Research dissertation. 2001;49–60.
[35] Ogita S. The effects of body composition differences on placement at bodybuilding competition among male amateur bodybuilders. Research Papers. 2001;15–22.
[36] Trabelsi K, Stannard SR, Maughan RJ, Jammoussi K, Zeghal K, Hakim A. Effect of resistance training during ramadan on body composition and markers of renal function, metabolism, inflammation, and immunity in recreational bodybuilders. International Journal of Sports Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism. 2012;22:267–275.
[37] Lenzi JL, Teixeira EL, de Jesus G, Schoenfeld BJ, de Salles Painelli V. Dietary strategies of modern bodybuilders during different phases of the competitive cycle. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research. 2021;35(9):2546–2551.
[38] Mitchell L, Hackett D, Gifford J, Estermann F, O’Connor H. Do bodybuilders use evidence-based nutrition strategies to manipulate physique?’ Sports. 2017;5(4):76.
[39] Purdom T, Kravitz L, Dokladny K, Mermier C. Understanding the factors that affect maximal fat oxidation. Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition. 2018;15(1):1–10.
[40] Barakat C, Pearson J, Escalante G, Campbell B, De Souza E. Body recomposition: Can trained individuals build muscle and lose fat at the same time?’ Strength & Conditioning Journal. 2020;42(5):7.
[41] Jazayeri SMHM, Amani R. Nutritional knowledge, attitudes and practices of bodybuilding trainers in Ahwaz, Iran. Pakistan Journal of Nutrition. 2004;3(4):228–231.
[42] Frączek B, Warzecha M, Tyrała F, Pięta A. Prevalence of the use of effective ergogenic aids among professional athletes. Roczniki Państwowego Zakładu Higieny. 2016;67(3):271–278.
[43] Rezaei SMA. Study the prevalence of anabolic steroids consumption among bodybuilding athletes in Yasuj, Iran. International Journal of Nutritional Sciences. 2017;2(2):103–108.
[44] Hackett DA, Johnson NA, Chow CM. Training practices and ergogenic aids used by male bodybuilders. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research. 2013;27(6):1609–1617. DOI: 10.1519/JSC.0b013e318271272a
[2] Kerksick CM, Wilborn CD, Roberts MD, et al. ISSN exercise & sports nutrition review update: Research & recommendations. Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition. 2018;15(1):38.
[3] Slatter G, Phillips MS. Nutrition guidelines for strength sports: Sprinting, weightlifting, throwing events, and bodybuilding. Journal of Sports Sciences. 2011;29(1):67–77. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2011.574722
[4] Simone Ferreira dos Anjos Reis, Vinicius Henrique Candido, Cristiane Fonseca Freitas, Cristiane Aparecida Silveir. Body self-perception and the consumption of ergonomic resources by academic frequenters. Journal of Nursing UFPE on line. 2018;12(1):160–170. Https://doi.org/10.5205/1981-8963-v12i01a22883p160-170-2018
[5] IOC consensus statement on sports nutrition. Journal of Sports Sciences. 2010;29(Sup1):S3–S4). DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2011.619349
[6] Van Heerden IV, Hall N, Schonfeldt HC. Red meat in nutrition and health (Supplementary chapter, red meat and sports) 2014;2–18.
[7] Masoga S, Makuse SHM, Bopape MM. Dietary intake of amateur bodybuilding athletes around Polokwane Municipality in Limpopo Province, South Africa. Global Journal of Health Science. 2019;11(9):1–9. DOI:10.5539/gjhs.v11n9p134
[8] Dorna Davani-Davari, Iman Karimzadeh, Shahrokh Ezzatzadegan-Jahromi, Mohammad Mahdi Sagheb. Potential adverse effects of creatine supplement on the kidney in athletes and bodybuilders. Iranian Journal of Kidney Diseases. 2018;5(12):253–259.
[9] José Manuel Jurado-Castro, Ainoa Navarrete-Pérez, Antonio Ranchal-Sánchez, Fernando Mata Ordóñez. Optimum timing in creatine supplementation for improved sporting performance. Archivos de Medicina del Deporte. 2021;38(1):48–53. DOI: 10.18176/archmeddeporte.00026
[10] Wax B, Kerksick CM, Jagim AR, Mayo JJ, Lyons BC, Kreider RB. Creatine for exercise and sports performance, with recovery considerations for healthy populations. Nutrients. 2021;13:1915. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13061915
[11] Harmon KK, Stout JR, Fukuda DH, Pabian PS, Rawson ES, Stock MS. The application of creatine supplementation in medical rehabilitation. Nutrients. 2021;13:1825. https://doi.org/10.3390/ nu13061825
[12] Kreider RB, Stout JR. Creatine in health and disease. Nutrients. 2021;13:447. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13020447
[13] Ricci T, Forbes SC, Candow DG. Creatine supplementation: Practical strategies and considerations for mixed martial arts. Journal of Exercise and Nutrition. 2020;3(1):s2. 1–6. ISSN 2640-2572.
[14] Bean A. The complete guide to sports nutrition (2017) 8th Edition, USA (New York). 106–140.
[15] Giráldez-Costas V, González-García1 J, Lara B, Del Coso J, Wilk M, José Saliner J. Caffeine increases muscle performance during a bench press training session. Journal of Human Kinetics. 2020(74):185–193. DOI: 10.2478/hukin-2020-0024
[16] Stecker RA, Harty PS, Jagim AR, Cando3 DG, Chad M. Kerksick Timing of ergogenic aids and micronutrients on muscle and exercise performance. Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition. 2019;16:37. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12970-019-0304-9
[17] BUZDAĞLI Y, TEKiN A, ŞIKTAR E, ESKiCi G. Effect of caffeine on exercise performance: Current review. Turkish Journal of Sports and Exercise. 2021;23:1–15. DOI:10.15314/tsed.895754
[18] Samoggia A, Rezzaghi T. The consumption of caffeine-containing products to enhance sports performance: An application of an extended model of the theory of planned behavior. Nutrients. 2021;13:344. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13020344
[19] Estevan Navarro P, Sospedra I, Perales A, González-Díaz C, Jiménez-Alfageme R, Medina S, Gil-Izquierdo A, Martínez-Sanz JM. Caffeine health claims on sports supplement labeling. Analytical assessment according to EFSA scientific opinion and international evidence and criteria. Molecules. 2021;26:2095. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26072095
[20] Wolfe RR. Branched-chain amino acids and muscle protein synthesis in humans: Myth or reality? Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition. 2017;14:30. DOI 10.1186/s12970-017-0184-9
[21] Estoche JM, Jacinto JL, Roveratti MC, et al. Branched‑chain amino acids do not improve muscle recovery from resistance exercise in untrained young adults. Amino Acids. 2019;51:1387–1395. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00726-019-02776-5
[22] Khemtong C, Kuo C-H, Chen C-Y, Jaime SJ, Condello G. Does branched-chain amino acids (bcaas) supplementation attenuates muscle damage markers and soreness after resistance exercise in trained males? A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Nutrients. 2021;13:1880. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13061880
[23] Heaton LE, Davis JK, Rawson ES, et al. Selected in-season nutritional strategies to enhance recovery for team sport athletes: A practical overview. Sports Medicine. 2016;47:2201–2218. DOI: 10.1007/s40279-0759-2
[24] Pietrzak1 A, Kęska A, Saghebjoo M, Nezamdoost Z. Intake of antioxidant vitamins in women with different physical activity levels. Biomedical Human Kinetics. 2020;12:166–172. DOI: 10.2478/bhk-2020-0021
[25] Carlsohn A, Braun H, Großhauser M, et al. Minerals and vitamins in sports nutrition. Position of the working group sports nutrition of the German Nutrition Society (DGE). Ernahrungs Umschau 2019;66(12):250–257. DOI: 10.4455/eu.2019.050
[26] Chappell AJ, Simper T, Helms E. Nutritional strategies of British professional and amateur natural bodybuilders during competition preparation. Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition. 2019;16:35. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12970-019-0302-y
[27] Escalante G, Stevenson SW, Barakat C, Aragon A, Schoenfeld BJ. Peak week recommendations for bodybuilders: An evidence-based approach. BMC Sports Science, Medicine and Rehabilitation. 2021;13:68. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13102-021-00296-y
[28] Grozenski A, Kiel J. Basic nutrition for sports participation, Part 2: Vitamins and minerals. American College of Sports Medicine. 2020;12(19):508–510. 1537-890X/1912/508–510
[29] Dunford M, Doyle JA. Nutrition for sports and exercise. 4th ed. United States of America: Cengage Learning, Inc.; 2019.
[30] Ravindra PV, Janhavi P, Divyashree S, Muthukumar SP. Nutritional interventions for improving the endurance performance in athletes. Archives of Physiology and Biochemistry. 2020;2–9. DOI: 10.1080/13813455.2020.1733025
[31] Krzywa´nski J, Mikulski T, Pokrywka A, et al. Vitamin B12 status and optimal range for hemoglobin formation in elite athletes. Nutrients. 2020;12:1038. DOI:10.3390/nu12041038
[32] Madden RF, Shearer J, Parnell JA. Evaluation of dietary intakes and supplement use in paralympic athletes. Nutrients. 2017;9:1266. DOI:10.3390/nu9111266
[33] Monteiro JCV, Pimentel GD, Sousa MV. Relationship between Body Mass Index with dietary fiber intake and skinfolds-differences among bodybuilders who train during morning and nocturne period. Nutricia Hospital. 2012;27(3):929–935.
[34] Gaines RP. Comparison of anthropometric measures of competitive bodybuilders to judges’ scores and a comparison of judges’ scores. Research dissertation. 2001;49–60.
[35] Ogita S. The effects of body composition differences on placement at bodybuilding competition among male amateur bodybuilders. Research Papers. 2001;15–22.
[36] Trabelsi K, Stannard SR, Maughan RJ, Jammoussi K, Zeghal K, Hakim A. Effect of resistance training during ramadan on body composition and markers of renal function, metabolism, inflammation, and immunity in recreational bodybuilders. International Journal of Sports Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism. 2012;22:267–275.
[37] Lenzi JL, Teixeira EL, de Jesus G, Schoenfeld BJ, de Salles Painelli V. Dietary strategies of modern bodybuilders during different phases of the competitive cycle. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research. 2021;35(9):2546–2551.
[38] Mitchell L, Hackett D, Gifford J, Estermann F, O’Connor H. Do bodybuilders use evidence-based nutrition strategies to manipulate physique?’ Sports. 2017;5(4):76.
[39] Purdom T, Kravitz L, Dokladny K, Mermier C. Understanding the factors that affect maximal fat oxidation. Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition. 2018;15(1):1–10.
[40] Barakat C, Pearson J, Escalante G, Campbell B, De Souza E. Body recomposition: Can trained individuals build muscle and lose fat at the same time?’ Strength & Conditioning Journal. 2020;42(5):7.
[41] Jazayeri SMHM, Amani R. Nutritional knowledge, attitudes and practices of bodybuilding trainers in Ahwaz, Iran. Pakistan Journal of Nutrition. 2004;3(4):228–231.
[42] Frączek B, Warzecha M, Tyrała F, Pięta A. Prevalence of the use of effective ergogenic aids among professional athletes. Roczniki Państwowego Zakładu Higieny. 2016;67(3):271–278.
[43] Rezaei SMA. Study the prevalence of anabolic steroids consumption among bodybuilding athletes in Yasuj, Iran. International Journal of Nutritional Sciences. 2017;2(2):103–108.
[44] Hackett DA, Johnson NA, Chow CM. Training practices and ergogenic aids used by male bodybuilders. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research. 2013;27(6):1609–1617. DOI: 10.1519/JSC.0b013e318271272a