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Arora, T., Agouba, S., Sharara, A., & Taheri, S. (2017). The Role of Genetic, Dietary and Lifestyle Factors in Pediatric Metabolic Syndrome: A Review of the Literature from Prenatal to Adolescence. Arab Journal of Nutrition and Exercise (AJNE), 2(1), 1-22. https://doi.org/10.18502/ajne.v2i1.1241
https://doi.org/10.18502/ajne.v2i1.1241
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Teresa Arora
Teresa Arora
Zayed University, Department of Psychology, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
-
Sahar Agouba
No author data available.
-
Ahmad Sharara
No author data available.
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Shahrad Taheri
No author data available.
Published Date
- Nov 16, 2017
The Role of Genetic, Dietary and Lifestyle Factors in Pediatric Metabolic Syndrome: A Review of the Literature from Prenatal to Adolescence
Abstract
The metabolic syndrome (MetS) is described as a cluster of health conditions that are associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease. The clinical diagnosis of MetS in pediatrics is challenging due to differing criteria, although the estimated prevalence continues to rise. The increased prevalence of childhood obesity and insulin resistance, in both developed and developing countries, is believed to be a major contributor to MetS diagnosis in children. We review the current literature surrounding genetic predisposition, maternal influence, epigenetics, environmental and lifestyle factors pertaining to pediatric MetS with a specific emphasis on obesity and insulin resistance. We highlight and discuss recent, key studies in prenatal through to adolescent populations and review evidence suggesting that children may be pre-disposed to obesity and insulin resistance, prenatally. We also discuss several key lifestyle drivers of these conditions including poor nutrition and dietary habits, insufficient physical activity, use of electronic devices, over-consumption of caffeinated and/or sugar-sweetened beverages, as well as the importance of sleep during childhood and adolescence in relation to metabolic health. We conclude with recommendations for preventable methods to tackle this growing pediatric public health issue, which, if current trends continue, will undoubtedly compromise the health and longevity of the next adult generation.
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[15] Calamaro CJ, Yang K, Ratcliffe S, Chasens ER. Wired at a young age: the effect of caffeine and technology on sleep duration and body mass index in school-aged children. J Pediatr Health Care. 2012;26 (4):276-82.
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[17] Chan She Ping-Delfos WL, Beilin LJ, Oddy WH, Burrows S, Mori TA. Use of the Dietary Guideline Index to assess cardiometabolic risk in adolescents. Br J Nutr. 2015;113 (11):1741-52.
[18] Chen YL, Gau SS. Sleep problems and internet addiction among children and adolescents: a longitudinal study. J Sleep Res. 2016;25 (4):458-65.
[19] Christison A, Khan HA. Exergaming for health: a community-based pediatric weight management program using active video gaming. Clin Pediatr (Phila). 2012;51 (4):382-8.
[20] Christofaro DG, De Andrade SM, Mesas AE, Fernandes RA, Farias Junior JC. Higher screen time is associated with overweight, poor dietary habits and physical inactivity in Brazilian adolescents, mainly among girls. Eur J Sport Sci. 2016;16 (4):498-506.
[21] Cornier MA, Dabelea D, Hernandez TL, Lindstrom RC, Steig AJ, Stob NR, et al. The metabolic syndrome. Endocr Rev. 2008;29 (7):777-822.
[22] De Decker E, De Craemer M, De Bourdeaudhuij I, Wijndaele K, Duvinage K, Androutsos O, et al. Influencing factors of sedentary behavior in European preschool settings: an exploration through focus groups with teachers. J Sch Health. 2013;83 (9):654-61.
[23] Demissie Z, Lowry R, Eaton DK, Park S, Kann L. Electronic media and beverage intake among United States high school students–2010. J Nutr Educ Behav. 2013;45 (6):756- 60.
[24] Dillard BE, 3rd, Gorodner V, Galvani C, Holterman M, Browne A, Gallo A, et al. Initial experience with the adjustable gastric band in morbidly obese US adolescents and recommendations for further investigation. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2007;45 (2):240-6.
[25] Fadzlina AA, Harun F, Nurul Haniza MY, Al Sadat N, Murray L, Cantwell MM, et al. Metabolic syndrome among 13 year old adolescents: prevalence and risk factors. BMC Public Health. 2014;14 Suppl 3:S7.
[26] Faienza MF, Wang DQ, Fruhbeck G, Garruti G, Portincasa P. The dangerous link between childhood and adulthood predictors of obesity and metabolic syndrome. Intern Emerg Med. 2016;11 (2):175-82.
[27] Falbe J, Willett WC, Rosner B, Gortmaker SL, Sonneville KR, Field AE. Longitudinal relations of television, electronic games, and digital versatile discs with changes in diet in adolescents. Am J Clin Nutr. 2014;100 (4):1173-81.
[28] Flint J, Kothare SV, Zihlif M, Suarez E, Adams R, Legido A, et al. Association between inadequate sleep and insulin resistance in obese children. J Pediatr. 2007;150 (4):364-9.
[29] Freedman DS, Mei Z, Srinivasan SR, Berenson GS, Dietz WH. Cardiovascular risk factors and excess adiposity among overweight children and adolescents: the Bogalusa Heart Study. J Pediatr. 2007;150 (1):12-7 e2.
[30] Giapros VI, Challa AS, Cholevas VI, Evagelidou EN, Bairaktari ET, Andronikou SK. Vitamin D, parathormone, and insulin resistance in children born large for gestational age. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab. 2014;27 (11-12):1145-50.
[31] Giese H, Konig LM, Taut D, Ollila H, Baban A, Absetz P, et al. Exploring the association between television advertising of healthy and unhealthy foods, self-control, and food intake in three European countries. Appl Psychol Health Well Being. 2015;7 (1):41-62.
[32] Goff DC, Jr., Lloyd-Jones DM, Bennett G, Coady S, D’Agostino RB, Sr., Gibbons R, et al. 2013 ACC/AHA guideline on the assessment of cardiovascular risk: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2014;63 (25 Pt B):2935-59.
[33] Grigorakis DA, Georgoulis M, Psarra G, Tambalis KD, Panagiotakos DB, Sidossis LS. Prevalence and lifestyle determinants of central obesity in children. Eur J Nutr. 2016;55 (5):1923-31.
[34] Grosso G, Marventano S, Galvano F, Pajak A, Mistretta A. Factors associated with metabolic syndrome in a mediterranean population: role of caffeinated beverages. J Epidemiol. 2014;24 (4):327-33.
[35] Grosso G, Pajak A, Mistretta A, Marventano S, Raciti T, Buscemi S, et al. Protective role of the Mediterranean diet on several cardiovascular risk factors: evidence from Sicily, southern Italy. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis. 2014;24 (4):370-7.
[36] Han JC, Lawlor DA, Kimm SY. Childhood obesity. Lancet. 2010;375 (9727):1737-48.
[37] Hardy LL, Bass SL, Booth ML. Changes in sedentary behavior among adolescent girls: a 2.5-year prospective cohort study. J Adolesc Health. 2007;40 (2):158-65.
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