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Odysseos, C., & Avraamidou, M. (2017). Weight Management for Athletes: Important Things to be Considered. Arab Journal of Nutrition and Exercise (AJNE), 1(3), 155-170. https://doi.org/10.18502/ajne.v1i3.1232
https://doi.org/10.18502/ajne.v1i3.1232
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Chara Odysseos
No author data available.
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Maria Avraamidou
Maria Avraamidou
Department of Life and Health Sciences, University of Nicosia, Cyprus
Published Date
- Nov 12, 2017
Weight Management for Athletes: Important Things to be Considered
Abstract
Weight management is difficult for most individuals, as indicated by the high numbers of obesity around the world. Obesity has increased dramatically over the past decades. Unfortunately, this epidemic is not limited to adults but also to children in both globally and Cyprus. Developing a weight management plan is essential for everyone. Regarding to an athlete, weight management is an increasingly integral part, as consuming the right kind of food can lead them in success or failure. The special nutritional needs of athletes are depending on the sport. The most important priority for them is to establish a well-chosen nutrition program based on the type of the sport; the training load and the competitions needs. Health professionals and sport nutritionists need to understand dynamic energy balance and be prepared with effective and evidence-based dietary approaches to help athletes and active individuals achieve their body-weight goals. Therefore, the following review aiming to examine the most recent published data for weight-management both elite and recreational athletes of all ages, and to set out the most appropriate weight-management guidelines and dietary strategies to help them apply this knowledge to the practicalities of their own sport and individual situation.
References
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[2] G. Giannini Artioli, B. Gualano, E. Franchini et al., “Prevalence, magnitude, and methods of rapid weight loss among judo competitors,” Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, vol. 42, no. 3, pp. 436–442, 2010.
[3] J. R. Borchers, K. L. Clem, D. L. Habash, H. N. Nagaraja, L. M. Stokley, and T. M. Best, “Metabolic syndrome and insulin resistance in division 1 collegiate football players,” Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, vol. 41, no. 12, pp. 2105–2110, 2009.
[4] C. J. Brito, A. F. C. M. Roas, I. S. S. Brito, J. C. B. Marins, C. Córdova, and E. Franchini, “Methods of body-mass reduction by combat sport athletes,” International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism, vol. 22, no. 2, pp. 89–97, 2012.
[5] L. M. Burke, G. R. Cox, N. K. Cummings, and B. Desbrow, “Guidelines for daily carbohydrate intake: Do athletes achieve them?” Sports Medicine, vol. 31, no. 4, pp. 267–299, 2001.
[6] Canadian Sport Institute Ontario (2015), Sport Nutritionist. Retrieves 17 December 2016, from http://www.csipacific.ca/wp-content/uploads/ 201508CSIOSportNutritionistMatCover.pdf.
[7] J. W. Carbone, J. P. McClung, and S. M. Pasiakos, “Skeletal muscle responses to negative energy balance: Effects of dietary protein,” Advances in Nutrition, vol. 3, no. 2, pp. 119–126, 2012.
[8] A. Carlsohn, S. Nippe, J. Heydenreich, and F. Mayer, “Carbohydrate intake and food sources of junior triathletes during a moderate and an intensive training period,” International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism, vol. 22, no. 6, pp. 438–443, 2012.
[9] J. E. Donnelly, S. N. Blair, J. M. Jakicic, M. M. Manore, J. W. Rankin, and B. K. Smith, “Appropriate physical activity intervention strategies for weight loss and prevention of weight regain for adults,” Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, vol. 41, no. 2, pp. 459–471, 2009.
[10] J. A. Ello-Martin, J. H. Ledikwe, and B. J. Rolls, “The influence of food portion size and energy density on energy intake: implications for weight management.,” American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, vol. 82, no. 1, 2005.
[11] J. A. Ello-Martin, L. S. Roe, J. H. Ledikwe et al., “Dietary energy density in the treatment of obesity: a year-long trial comparing 2 weight-loss diets,” Am J Clin Nutr, vol. 85, pp. 1465–1477, 2007.
[12] K. A. Erdman, J. Tunnicliffe, V. M. Lun, and R. A. Reimer, “Eating patterns and composition of meals and snacks in elite Canadian athletes,” International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism, vol. 23, no. 3, pp. 210–219, 2013.
[13] C. Ferrand, C. Magnan, and R. A. Philippe, “Body-esteem, body mass index, and risk for disordered eating among adolescents in synchronized swimming,” Perceptual and Motor Skills, vol. 101, no. 3, pp. 877–884, 2005.
[14] E. Franchini, C. J. Brito, and G. G. Artioli, “Weight loss in combat sports: Physiological, psychological and performance effects,” Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition, vol. 9, article no. 52, 2012.
[15] I. Garthe, T. Raastad, P. E. Refsnes, A. Koivisto, and J. Sundgot-Borgen, “Effect of two different weight-loss rates on body composition and strength and power-related performance in elite athletes,” International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism, vol. 21, no. 2, pp. 97–104, 2011.
[16] C. Greenleaf, T. Petrie, J. Carter, and J. Reel, “Female collegiate athletes: Prevalence of eating disorders and disordered eating behaviors,” Journal of American College Health, vol. 57, no. 5, pp. 489–495, 2009.
[17] E. R. Helms, C. Zinn, D. S. Rowlands, and S. R. Brown, “A systematic review of dietary protein during caloric restriction in resistance trained lean athletes: A case for higher intakes,” International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism, vol. 24, no. 2, pp. 127–138, 2014.
[18] S. M. Howe, T. M. Hand, and M. M. Manore, “Exercise-trained men and women: Role of exercise and diet on appetite and energy intake,” Nutrients, vol. 6, no. 11, pp. 4935–4960, 2014.
[19] Institute of Medicine (IOM) Food and Nutrition Board, Dietary Reference Intakes for Energy, Carbohydrate, Fiber, Fat, Fatty Acids, Cholesterol, Protein, and Amino Acids (Macronutrients), National Academies Press, Washington, D.C., 2005.
[20] I. Kyriazis, M. Rekleiti, M. Saridi et al., “Prevalence of obesity in children aged 6- 12 years in Greece: Nutritional behavior and physical activity,” Archives of Medical Science, vol. 8, no. 5, pp. 859–864, 2012.
[21] J. A. Ello-Martin, J. H. Ledikwe, and B. J. Rolls, “The influence of food portion size and energy density on energy intake: implications for weight management,” American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, vol. 82, no. 1, 2005.
[22] M. M. Manore, N. L. Meyer, and J. Thompson, Sport nutrition for health and performance, Human Kinetics, Champaign, 2nd edition, 2009.
[23] M. M. Manore, “Weight Management for Athletes and Active Individuals: A Brief Review,” Sports Medicine, vol. 45, pp. 83–92, 2015.
[24] M. Martinsen, S. Bratland-Sanda, A. K. Eriksson, and J. Sundgot-Borgen, “Dieting to win or to be thin? A study of dieting and disordered eating among adolescent elite athletes and non-athlete controls,” British Journal of Sports Medicine, vol. 44, no. 1, pp. 70–76, 2010.
[25] S. H. Mendes, A. C. Tritto, J. P. L. P. Guilherme et al., “Effect of rapid weight loss on performance in combat sport male athletes: does adaptation to chronic weight cycling play a role?” British Journal of Sports Medicine, vol. 47, no. 18, pp. 1155–1160, 2013.
[26] S. Mettler, N. Mitchell, and K. D. Tipton, “Increased protein intake reduces lean body mass loss during weight loss in athletes,” Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, vol. 42, no. 2, pp. 326–337, 2010.
[27] M. Khodaee, L. Olewinski, B. Shadgan, and R. R. Kiningham, “Rapid weight loss in sports with weight classes,” Current Sports Medicine Reports, vol. 14, no. 6, pp. 435– 441, 2015.
[28] M. Mountjoy, J. Sundgot-Borgen, L. Burke et al., “The IOC consensus statement: Beyond the Female Athlete Triad-Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport (RED-S),” British Journal of Sports Medicine, vol. 48, no. 7, pp. 491–497, 2014.
[29] C. L. Ogden, M. D. Carroll, L. R. Curtin, M. M. Lamb, and K. M. Flegal, “Prevalence of high body mass index in US children and adolescents, 2007-2008,” The Journal of the American Medical Association, vol. 303, no. 3, pp. 242–249, 2010.
[30] S. M. Pasiakos, J. J. Cao, L. M. Margolis et al., “Effects of high-protein diets on fat-free mass and muscle protein synthesis following weight loss: A randomized controlled trial,” The FASEB Journal, vol. 27, no. 9, pp. 3837–3847, 2013.
[31] S. Pettersson, M. Pipping Ekström, and C. M. Berg, “The food and weight combat. A problematic fight for the elite combat sports athlete,” Appetite, vol. 59, no. 2, pp. 234–242, 2012.
[32] R. Reale, G. Slater, and L. M. Burke, “Acute Weight Loss Strategies for Combat Sports and Applications to Olympic Success,” Human Kinetics, pp. 30–10, 2016.
[33] L. M. Redman, L. K. Heilbronn, C. K. Martin et al., “Metabolic and behavioral compensations in response to caloric restriction: implications for the maintenance of weight loss,” PLoS ONE, vol. 4, no. 2, Article ID e4377, 2009.
[34] J. L. Reed, J. L. Bowell, B. R. Hill, B. A. Williams, M. J. de Souza, and N. I. Williams, “Exercising women with menstrual disturbances consume low energy dense foods and beverages,” Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism, vol. 36, no. 3, pp. 382–394, 2011.
[35] M. F. Reinking and L. E. Alexander, “Prevalence of disordered-eating behaviors in undergraduate female collegiate athletes and nonathletes,” Journal of Athletic Training, vol. 40, no. 1, pp. 47–51, 2005.
[36] N. R. Rodriguez, N. M. DiMarco, and S. Langley, “Position of the American dietetic association, dietitians of Canada, and the american college of sports medicine: nutrition and athletic performance,” Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics, vol. 109, no. 3, pp. 509–527, 2009.
[37] BJ. Rolls, LS. Roe, and JS. Meengs, “Reductions in portion size and energy density of foods are additive and lead to sustained decreases in energy intake,” Am J Clin Nutr, vol. 83, pp. 11–17, 2006.
[38] B. J. Rolls, “The relationship between dietary energy density and energy intake,” Physiology & Behavior, vol. 97, no. 5, pp. 609–615, 2009.
[39] J. Rosendahl, B. Bormann, K. Aschenbrenner, F. Aschenbrenner, and B. Strauss, “Dieting and disordered eating in German high school athletes and non-athletes,” Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports, vol. 19, no. 5, pp. 731–739, 2009.
[40] M. Rouveix, M. Bouget, C. Pannafieux, S. Champely, and E. Filaire, “Eating attitudes, body esteem, perfectionism and anxiety of judo athletes and nonathletes,” International Journal of Sports Medicine, vol. 28, no. 4, pp. 340–345, 2007.
[41] C. Savva, YA. Kourides, and C. Hadjigeorgiou, “Overweight and obesity prevalence and trends in children and adolescents in Cyprus 2000-201,” Obesity Research & Clinical Prcactice, vol. 8, pp. 426–434, 2013.
[42] L. H. Shriver, N. M. Betts, and G. Wollenberg, “Dietary intakes and eating habits of college athletes: Are female college athletes following the current sports nutrition standards?” Journal of American College Health, vol. 61, no. 1, pp. 10–16, 2013.
[43] G. M. Singh, G. Danaei, F. Farzadfar et al., “The Age-Specific Quantitative Effects of Metabolic Risk Factors on Cardiovascular Diseases and Diabetes: A Pooled Analysis,” PLoS ONE, vol. 8, no. 7, p. e65174, 2013.
[44] G. J. Slater, A. J. Rice, K. Sharpe, I. Mujika, D. Jenkins, and A. G. Hahn, “Body-mass management of Australian lightweight rowers prior to and during competition,” Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, vol. 37, no. 5, pp. 860–866, 2005.
[45] J. Sundgot-Borgen and I. Garthe, “Elite athletes in aesthetic and Olympic weightclass sports and the challenge of body weight and body composition,” Journal of Sports Sciences, vol. 29, no. 1, pp. S101–S114, 2011.
[46] J. Sundgot-Borgen, N. L. Meyer, T. G. Lohman et al., “How to minimise the health risks to athletes who compete in weight-sensitive sports review and position statement on behalf of the Ad Hoc Research Working Group on Body Composition, Health and Performance, under the auspices of the IOC Medical Commission,” British Journal of Sports Medicine, vol. 47, no. 16, pp. 1012–1022, 2013.
[47] J. Sundgot-Borgen and M. K. Torstveit, “Aspects of disordered eating continuum in elite high-intensity sports,” Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports, vol. 20, no. 2, pp. 112–121, 2010.
[48] B. A. Swinburn, G. Sacks, K. D. Hall et al., “The global obesity pandemic: shaped by global drivers and local environments,” The Lancet, vol. 378, no. 9793, pp. 804–814, 2011.
[49] J. F. Silva Santos, M. Y. Takito, G. G. Artioli, and E. Franchini, “Weight loss practices in Taekwondo athletes of different competitive levels,” Journal of Exercise Rehabilitation, vol. 12, no. 3, pp. 202–208, 2016.
[50] D. Thomas, S. Das, J. A. Levine et al., “New fat free mass - fat mass model for use in physiological energy balance equations,” Nutrition & Metabolism, vol. 7, no. 1, p. 39, 2010.
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