West Kazakhstan Medical Journal

The Transformative Role of Artificial Intelligence in Regenerative Medicine

Amin Tamadon, Nadiar M. Mussin, Asset A. Kaliyev — Thu, 26 Sep 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Artificial intelligence (AI) has emerged as a transformative force in regenerative medicine, revolutionizing research, clinical applications, and personalized therapies. This article explores how AI accelerates the identification of biomarkers, optimizes cell and tissue engineering processes, and enhances treatment efficacy through personalized medicine approaches. AI's role in predictive analytics, robotic systems for tissue fabrication, and real-time monitoring tools underscores its potential to reshape the future of healthcare. Addressing ethical considerations is essential as AI continues to pave the way for innovative regenerative therapies.

Neurological Aspects of Sarcopenia: A Comprehensive Update on Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, and Therapeutic Advances

Thu, 26 Sep 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Sarcopenia is an age-related disorder characterized by progressive and generalized loss of skeletal muscle tissue. This condition affects approximately 9.9-40.4% of older adults, 2-34% of outpatients, and about 56% of hospitalized patients. Sarcopenia is classified into primary and secondary types, with primary sarcopenia resulting from the natural aging process and secondary sarcopenia caused by various factors such as sedentary lifestyle, disease, and nutrition. The pathophysiology of sarcopenia involves cellular mechanisms, including genetic alterations, telomere erosion, and proteostasis disruption. Mitochondrial dysfunction, epigenetic modifications, and metabolic factors also contribute to the condition. Neurological aspects, such as motor neuron loss and sodium channel dysfunction, play a crucial role in the development of sarcopenia. Prevention and treatment strategies include exercise interventions, nutritional strategies, and pharmacological interventions. Vitamin D supplementation, testosterone replacement therapy, and selective androgen receptor modulators (SARMs) are among the treatments explored. However, these treatments come with potential

The Evolution of Paperless Education in Medical Universities: Enhancing Efficiency and Health Outcomes

Homamodin Javadzade, Mahnoush Reisi — Thu, 26 Sep 2024 00:00:00 +0000

The adoption of paperless education in medical universities has revolutionized various aspects of academic life, offering enhanced efficiency, cost savings, and improved health outcomes. Traditional paper-based systems in medical education have long been associated with inefficiencies and environmental concerns. The advent of digital technologies has provided opportunities to streamline educational processes, reduce waste, and improve accessibility. This mini review examines the transformative impact of paperless education on medical universities, focusing on its benefits in registration, teaching, education, and exams. The shift to online registration systems has simplified the enrollment process for both students and administrators, allowing for seamless registration, payment, and course selection. Online registration also enables real-time tracking of student progress and facilitates communication between students and faculty. In teaching, digital tools such as e-learning platforms and virtual classrooms offer students flexible learning opportunities, promoting active engagement and knowledge retention. Similarly, the adoption of electronic textbooks and digital libraries has significantly reduced the reliance on printed materials in medical education, fostering self-directed learning and research. Furthermore, digital assessment methods such as online quizzes and remote proctoring have streamlined the examination process, offering greater flexibility in scheduling exams and ensuring the integrity of the assessment process. Economically, the transition to paperless education has resulted in cost savings by eliminating the need for printed materials, storage, and distribution. Additionally, digital technologies enable universities to reach a broader audience, potentially increasing enrollment and revenue. Moreover, paperless education offers health benefits by reducing exposure to allergens and pathogens associated with paper-based materials, and promoting social distancing to reduce the risk of transmission of infectious diseases. In conclusion, the adoption of paperless education in medical universities represents a transformative shift, offering numerous benefits including enhanced efficiency, cost savings, and improved health outcomes. As technology continues to evolve, medical universities need to embrace digital innovations to ensure a sustainable and effective learning environment.

Impact of Global Warming on Cancer Development: A Review of Environmental Carcinogens and Human Immunogenetics

Pardis Shirkani, Afshin Shirkani — Thu, 26 Sep 2024 00:00:00 +0000

This paper examines the impact of global warming on cancer development, specifically focusing on the intensified effects of environmental carcinogens such as ultraviolet (UV) radiation and air pollutants. Our review elucidates the intricate interplay between global warming, ecological carcinogens, human immunogenetics, and cancer susceptibility. The analysis highlights the exacerbating effects of rising temperatures and changes in atmospheric conditions on exposure to UV radiation and air pollutants, including particulate matter (PM), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), nitrogen dioxide (NO₂), nitrogen oxides (NOx), and ground-level ozone (O₃). Furthermore, the study explores the pivotal role of human immunogenetics in modulating individual responses to carcinogen exposure and shaping cancer susceptibility and progression. Genetic variations in key immune-related genes and their influence on the interplay between environmental carcinogens and cancer development are discussed. The paper underscores the importance of longitudinal cohort studies, integrative approaches, and interdisciplinary collaborations to advance our understanding of the complex interactions between global warming, environmental carcinogens, human immunogenetics, and cancer biology. Additionally, evidence-based public health interventions targeting environmental carcinogens and personalized prevention strategies based on genetic susceptibility profiles and environmental exposure assessments are proposed to address the growing challenges of environmentally induced cancers.

Risk Factors Associated with Long COVID-19: A Narrative Review

Thu, 26 Sep 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Studying the consequences of coronavirus infections caused by the SARS-CoV- 2 virus has become crucial in light of its widespread occurrence in society, and the frequent observation of persistent symptoms and health impairments following recovery from the acute phase of the illness. The pandemic has brought about a new chronic, debilitating condition known as long COVID, which deserves serious attention from scientific and medical communities. Currently, we have conflicting knowledge about the factors that may increase the risk of developing such a debilitating condition. The aim of this review was to assess prognostic risk factors for the development of post-COVID-19 conditions. We conducted a systematic search in the databases PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, CyberLeninka, and the eLibrary electronic library for reports on post-COVID-19 conditions up to April 2024. A total of 52 full-text studies meeting the inclusion criteria were analyzed from both Russian and international sources. The resulting review paper presents a comprehensive overview of recent studies aimed at examining factors preceding COVID-19 infection (gender, age, comorbidities, and others), factors related to COVID-19 infection (severity of acute phase, influence of biomarkers), and the impact of vaccinations on longterm consequences. Much remains unclear regarding long COVID and its risk factors due to conflicting data, possibly caused by the variety of symptoms and complex pathophysiology, including long-term organ damage and unresolved inflammatory processes. This review underscores the high prevalence of post-COVID conditions and the ambiguity in identifying risk factors, necessitating further research for effective management of these conditions.

Anabolic Androgenic Steroids Misuse in the Fitness Industry

Kulman Nyssanbayeva, Venera Abdulla, Zhanar Andassova, Natalya Glushkova — Thu, 26 Sep 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Anabolic-androgenic steroids (AAS) are synthetic variations of the male sex hormone testosterone. They mimic testosterone’s effects, primarily promoting muscle growth (anabolic effects) and enhancing male traits (androgenic effects). The misuse of AAS has extended beyond high-performance athletes and is now prevalent among the general population, particularly among fitness and gym enthusiasts. Epidemiological data highlight the widespread abuse of these substances, driven by the aspiration to enhance muscle mass, strength, and overall physical performance. The misuse of AAS in the fitness industry poses significant health risks and ethical concerns. This review highlights the prevalence, consequences, and prevention strategies related to AAS misuse in the fitness industry.

Culture of Immature Ovarian Follicles within Decellularized Ovary Enhances Oocyte Maturation and Improves In vitro Fertilization Results

Thu, 26 Sep 2024 00:00:00 +0000

The goal of this study is to improve methodologies that define the maturation of ovarian follicles and enhance in vitro fertilization by employing decellularized ovaries. Preantral follicles of mice were cultured for 14 days in both the decellularized ovary and two- dimensional (2D) conditions. The oocyte maturation rate, fertilization rate, and the subsequent embryo development rate were assessed in 2D and the decellularized ovary and compared to in vivo condition. Additionally, the gene expression profile of IGF1R, integrin αvβ3, Cox2, Caspase-3, Bax, and Bcl2 l1 was determined in blastocysts. The culture in the decellularized ovary showed a significantly higher number of MII oocytes in comparison to the 2D culture (P < 0.05). Compared to in vivo, both the 2D and the decellularized ovary cultures exhibited significantly lower percentages of MII oocytes, 2PN, two-cell, cleavage, and blastocyst (P < 0.05). In the decellularized ovary culture, significantly higher percentages of 2PN and blastocyst were observed (P < 0.05) compared to the 2D culture. The gene expression level of IGF1R and Cox2 in blastocysts from both the 2D and the decellularized ovary cultures was markedly lower compared to in vivo. However, the gene expression levels of Integrin αv and β3 were comparable in blastocysts derived from in vivo and decellularized ovary-matured oocytes. Blastocysts derived from decellularized ovary-matured oocytes showed a higher bcl211 expression level compared to the blastocysts from 2D (P < 0.05). Employing decellularized ovarian tissues methodologies for in vitro maturation of oocytes provides a promising avenue towards generating embryos with improved implantation potential.

Assessing the Psychological Well-being of Healthcare Workers During the COVID-19 Pandemic

Thu, 26 Sep 2024 00:00:00 +0000

During the COVID-19 pandemic, working in any medical organization is associated with the risk of coronavirus infection. This applies first and foremost to specialized medical organizations dealing with the treatment of patients infected with coronavirus. Medical workers experiencing increased psychological stress are at an increased risk of infection with the SARS-CoV-2 virus while providing medical care. Therefore, studying the psychological states of medical workers – doctors, nurses, orderlies - is of particular importance and relevance. Our research goal is to investigate the psychological responses of medical professionals amid the COVID-19 pandemic. The research focused on the Aktobe Medical Center (AMC), which hosts the regional pulmonology center for COVID-19 patients and the Regional Clinical Infectious Diseases Hospital (RCIDH). The study is a selective, single-stage cross-sectional analysis. To assess the psychological reactions of medical workers, standardized questionnaires are used, including the PSM-25, GAD-7, and MFI-20. Statistical analysis of the data is conducted using the STATISTICA 10.0 software package from StatSoft, Inc., USA. An analysis of the research results indicates that medical personnel, nurses, and administrative staff in medical organizations associated with the risk of coronavirus infection are susceptible to adverse psychophysiological disorders. The study revealed that stress levels, anxiety, and asthenia in doctors and nursing staff are significantly higher compared to those in nurses and administrative personnel. Medical workers at risk of COVID- 19 clearly require support measures, as the potential for occupational infection has been definitively established. Additionally, the psychological risk is largely influenced by the nature of their work and their direct contact with the population and patients infected with the coronavirus. Senior and mid-level medical workers at the forefront of combating coronavirus infection is at a high risk of experiencing psycho-emotional and psychophysiological health issues. Doctors and nurses have been found to exhibit high levels of physical and mental asthenia, anxiety, and moderate-to-high levels of stress. Evaluating potential risk factors for psychophysiological disorders among healthcare workers not only provides an objective assessment of their health status, but also aids in the effective and rational organization of their work.

Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever in the Zhambyl Region: Epidemiological Features of the Occurrence of Infection in 2023

Thu, 26 Sep 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF) is an acute tick-borne viral infection with a high fatality rate. The main vector of the CCHF virus is ticks of the genus Hyalomma. Humans get infected through tick bites or by direct contact with the blood of infected humans or domestic animals. The endemic regions of CCHF in Kazakhstan are Kyzylorda, Turkestan, and Zhambyl. In the Zhambyl region, the first evidence of human cases was reported in 1982. In the following years, cases of CCHF were annually registered in two districts (Sarysu and Moiynkum) of the Zhambyl region. The study goal is twofold: 1) to provide a retrospective review of CCHF cases reported through the surveillance system in the Zhambyl region from 1991 to 2023 and 2) to analyze epidemiological features of CCHF cases in the Zhambyl region in 2023. Surveillance data on CCHF during the 1991–2023 period in the Zhambyl region were extracted from the “Report on selected infectious and parasitic diseases”. Incidence (per 100,000 population) was defined as the number of annual new cases divided by the total population each year. Descriptive analysis was performed on case characteristics, time, and place of CCHF cases in the Zhambyl region in 2023. In total, 216 cases of CCHF were reported from 1991 to 2023. The incidence increased sharply with peak activity in 1995 and has declined since 2002. The natural foci of the disease have shifted from the Sarysu and Moiynkum districts to the Shu, Bayzak, and Zhambyl districts. Overall, 12 cases of CCHF were reported in the Zhambyl region in 2023, mainly in nonendemic (Shu, Bayzak, Zhambyl) districts. An analysis of epidemiological data for 2023 showed that the first peak of CCHF incidence was in March-June, with another peak from October to November. We observed dynamic distribution of CCHF in the Zhambyl region from 1991 to 2023, wherein Sarysu and Moiynkum endemic districts foci tended to increase by expanding to the Shu, Bayzak, Zhambyl districts. The disease trend is seasonal, and the life cycle of ticks can indirectly influence morbidity rates. Additional research is needed to elucidate the environmental, meteorological, and social factors associated with CCHF incidence in different decades.

Assessment of Sexual Dimorphism in Morphological Indices of the Second Cervical Vertebra: Implications for Forensic Medicine and Medical Diagnostics

Thu, 26 Sep 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Accurate determination of sexual dimorphism in skeletal structures is crucial in forensic anthropology and medical diagnostics. This study aimed to assess sexual dimorphism in various indices of the second cervical vertebra (axis) and other associated structures. A comprehensive analysis was conducted on axis dimensions, vertebral foraminal measurements, body diameters, odontoid process parameters, and auricular facet indices in male and female subjects. A total of 122 specimens were examined, comprising 62 male and 62 female specimens. The analysis revealed significant differences between male and female subjects in various morphological indices. In terms of axial dimensions, males exhibited larger average height, length, and width of the axis compared to females, indicating sexual dimorphism. Similarly, significant differences were observed in the maximum length and width of the vertebral foramen, with males demonstrating larger measurements. Additionally, males showed larger transverse and sagittal diameters of the body compared to females. Regarding the odontoid process, males displayed greater sagittal and transverse diameters, as well as maximum height, suggesting sexual dimorphism in this aspect. Furthermore, significant differences were noted in the mean sagittal angle of the dens axis between males and females. Analysis of the superior and inferior auricular facets also indicated notable morphological variations between the sexes. The findings highlight pronounced sexual dimorphism in the morphology of the second cervical vertebra and associated structures. These results underscore the importance of considering sex-related variations in skeletal assessments for forensic and diagnostic purposes. Further research in this area can enhance the accuracy of sex determination in skeletal remains and contribute to the development of new identification methodologies.