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Afrakhteh, H., Joharinia, N., Momen, A., Dowran, R., Babaei, A., Namdari, P., Motamedifar, M., Namavar Jahromi, B., & Sarvari, J. (2021). Relative frequency of hepatitis B virus, human papilloma virus, Epstein-Barr virus, and herpes simplex viruses in the semen of fertile and infertile men in Shiraz, Iran: A cross-sectional study. International Journal of Reproductive BioMedicine (IJRM), 19(8), 699-706. https://doi.org/10.18502/ijrm.v19i8.9617
https://doi.org/10.18502/ijrm.v19i8.9617
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Hossein Afrakhteh
Hossein Afrakhteh
Department of Bacteriology and Virology, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
-
Negar Joharinia
Negar Joharinia
Department of Bacteriology and Virology, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
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Akhtar Momen
Akhtar Momen
Department of Bacteriology and Virology, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
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Razieh Dowran
Razieh Dowran
Department of Bacteriology and Virology, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
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Abouzar Babaei
Abouzar Babaei
Department of Bacteriology and Virology, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
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Parisa Namdari
Parisa Namdari
Department of Bacteriology and Virology, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
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Mohammad Motamedifar
Mohammad Motamedifar
Department of Bacteriology and Virology, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
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Bahia Namavar Jahromi
Bahia Namavar Jahromi
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
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Jamal Sarvari
Jamal Sarvari
Department of Bacteriology and Virology, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
Published Date
- Sep 9, 2021
Relative frequency of hepatitis B virus, human papilloma virus, Epstein-Barr virus, and herpes simplex viruses in the semen of fertile and infertile men in Shiraz, Iran: A cross-sectional study
Abstract
Background: About 8-12% of couples on reproductive age suffers from infertility worldwide. Since 1993, the role of genital tract infections by microbes, including viruses that can infect the sperm, in human infertility has been proposed.
Objective: To investigate the frequency of hepatitis B virus (HBV), human papilloma virus (HPV), Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), and herpes simplex virus (HSV) infection in the semen of fertile and infertile men referred to the Mother and Child Hospital, Shiraz, Iran.
Materials and Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 350 men including 200 infertile and 150 fertile men were included. All semen samples were allowed to liquefy, followed by the assessment of sperm parameters. DNA was extracted using a DNA extraction kit (CinaGene, Tehran, Iran) according to the manufacturer’s instructions. Detection of HBV, HPV, EBV, and HSV1/2 was done by the PCR method.
Results: The mean age of the participants was 36 ± 7 yr. Molecular results showed that 16 samples (8%) of infertile men and 5 (3.3%) of fertile men were positive for HBV, which was not statistically significant (p = 0.069). Only one sample of the fertile participants was positive for HPV. None of the semen samples of the infertile or fertile groups was positive for the presence of EBV or HSV1/ 2.
Conclusion: The results of this study indicated that HBV, HPV, EBV, and HSV might not be involved in men’s infertility. Further studies are recommended for clarifying the role of these viruses in infertility.
Key words: Male infertility, Hepatitis B virus, Human papilloma virus, Epstein-Barr virus, Herpes simplex viruses.
References
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[17] Motamedifar M, Malekzadegan Y, Namdari P, Dehghani B, Jahromi B, Sarvari J. The prevalence of bacteriospermia in infertile men and association with semen quality in Southwestern Iran. Infectious Disorders Drug Targets 2018; 20: 198–202.
[18] Cui W. Mother or nothing: The agony of infertility. Bull World Health Organ 2010; 88: 1–2.
[19] Winters BR, Walsh TJ. The epidemiology of male infertility. Urol Clin North Am 2014; 41: 195–204.
[20] Pilatz A, Boecker M, Schuppe HC, Diemer T, Wagenlehner F. [Infektionen und infertilität.] Urologe A 2016; 55: 883– 889. (in German)
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[24] Zangeneh M, Sedaghat Jou M, Sadighi Gilani MA, Jamshidi Makiani M, Sadeghinia S, Salman Yazdi R. The prevalence of HBV, HCV and HIV infections among Iranian infertile couples referring to Royan institute infertility clinic: A cross-sectional study. Int J Reprod Biomed 2018; 16: 595–600.
[25] Nikbakht R, Saadati N, Firoozian F. Prevalence of HBsAG, HCV and HIV antibodies among infertile couples in Ahvaz, South-West Iran. Jundishapur J Microbiol 2012; 5: 393– 397.
[26] Bezold G, Politch JA, Kiviat NB, Kuypers JM, Wolff H, Anderson DJ. Prevalence of sexually transmissible pathogens in semen from asymptomatic male infertility patients with and without leukocytospermia. Fertil Steril 2007; 87: 1087–1097.
[27] Rintala MM, Greénman SE, Pöllänen PP, Suominen JJ, Syrjänen SM. Detection of high-risk HPV DNA in semen and its association with the quality of semen. Int J STD AIDS 2004; 15: 740–743.
[28] Foresta C, Pizzol D, Moretti A, Barzon L, Palù G, Garolla A. Clinical and prognostic significance of human papillomavirus DNA in the sperm or exfoliated cells of infertile patients and subjects with risk factors. Fertil Steril 2010; 94: 1723–1727.
[29] Moghimi M, Zabihi-Mahmoodabadi S, Kheirkhah- Vakilabad A, Kargar Z. Significant correlation between High-Risk HPV DNA in semen and impairment of sperm quality in infertile men. Int J Fertil Steril 2019; 12: 306–309.
[30] Nasseri S, Monavari SH, Keyvani H, Nikkhoo B, Vahabpour Roudsari R, Khazeni M. The prevalence of human papilloma virus (HPV) infection in the oligospermic and azoospermic men. Med J Islam Repub Iran 2015; 29: 272.
[31] Lyu Z, Feng X, Li N, Zhao W, Wei L, Chen Y, et al. Human papillomavirus in semen and the risk for male infertility: A systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Infect Dis 2017; 17: 714.
[32] Monavari SH, Vaziri MS, Khalili M, Shamsi-Shahrabadi M, Keyvani H, Mollaei H, et al. Asymptomatic seminal infection of herpes simplex virus: Impact on male infertility. J Biomed Res 2013; 27: 56–61.
[33] Ochsendorf FR. Sexually transmitted infections: Impact on male fertility. Andrologia 2008; 40: 72–75.
[2] Agarwal A, Mulgund A, Hamada A, Chyatte MR. A unique view on male infertility around the globe. Reprod Biol Endocrinol 2015; 13: 37. 1–9.
[3] Kapranos N, Petrakou E, Anastasiadou C, Kotronias D. Detection of herpes simplex virus, cytomegalovirus, and Epstein-Barr virus in the semen of men attending an infertility clinic. Fertil Steril 2003; 79: 1566–1570.
[4] Garolla A, Pizzol D, Bertoldo A, Menegazzo M, Barzon L, Foresta C. Sperm viral infection and male infertility: Focus on HBV, HCV, HIV, HPV, HSV, HCMV, and AAV. J Reprod Immunol 2013; 100: 20–29.
[5] Liu W, Han R, Wu H, Han D. Viral threat to male fertility. Andrologia 2018; 50: e13140.
[6] Behboudi E, Mokhtari-Azad T, Yavarian J, Ghavami N, Seyed Khorrami SM, Rezaei F, et al. Molecular detection of HHV1-5, AAV and HPV in semen specimens and their impact on male fertility. Hum Fertil (Camb) 2019; 22: 133– 138.
[7] Hashemi SMA, Sarvari J, Fattahi MR, Dowran R, Ramezani A, Hoseini SY. Comparison of ISG15, IL28B and USP18 mRNA levels in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of chronic hepatitis B virus infected patients and healthy individuals. Gastroenterol Hepatol Bed Bench 2019; 12: 38–45.
[8] Bei HF, Wei RX, Cao XD, Zhang XX, Zhou J. [Hepatitis B virus infection increases the incidence of immune infertility in males]. Zhonghua Nan Ke Xue 2017; 23: 431–435.
[9] Qian L, Li Q, Li H. Effect of hepatitis B virus infection on sperm quality and oxidative stress state of the semen of infertile males. Am J Reprod Immunol 2016; 76: 183–185.
[10] Su FH, Chang SN, Sung FC, Su CT, Shieh YH, Lin CC, et al. Hepatitis B virus infection and the risk of male infertility: A population-based analysis. Fertil Steril 2014; 102: 1677– 1684.
[11] Fields B, Knipe D, Howley P. Fields virology 6th Ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2013.
[12] Gizzo S, Ferrari B, Noventa M, Ferrari E, Patrelli TS, Gangemi M, et al. Male and couple fertility impairment due to HPV-DNA sperm infection: Update on molecular mechanism and clinical impact–systematic review. Biomed Res Int 2014; 2014: 230263.
[13] Foresta C, Noventa M, De Toni L, Gizzo S, Garolla A. HPV-DNA sperm infection and infertility: From a systematic literature review to a possible clinical management proposal. Andrology 2015; 3: 163–173.
[14] Motamedifar M, Sarvari J, Ebrahimpour A, Emami A. Symptomatic reactivation of HSV infection correlates with decreased serum levels of TNF-α. Iran J Immunol 2015; 12: 27–34.
[15] Neofytou E, Sourvinos G, Asmarianaki M, Spandidos DA, Makrigiannakis A. Prevalence of human herpes virus types 1-7 in the semen of men attending an infertility clinic and correlation with semen parameters. Fertil Steril 2009; 91: 2487–2494.
[16] Sarvari J, Mahmoudvand S, Pirbonyeh N, safaei A, Hosseini SY. The very low frequency of epstein-barr, jc and bk viruses DNA in colorectal cancer tissues in shiraz, southwest iran. Pol J Microbiol 2018: 67: 73–79.
[17] Motamedifar M, Malekzadegan Y, Namdari P, Dehghani B, Jahromi B, Sarvari J. The prevalence of bacteriospermia in infertile men and association with semen quality in Southwestern Iran. Infectious Disorders Drug Targets 2018; 20: 198–202.
[18] Cui W. Mother or nothing: The agony of infertility. Bull World Health Organ 2010; 88: 1–2.
[19] Winters BR, Walsh TJ. The epidemiology of male infertility. Urol Clin North Am 2014; 41: 195–204.
[20] Pilatz A, Boecker M, Schuppe HC, Diemer T, Wagenlehner F. [Infektionen und infertilität.] Urologe A 2016; 55: 883– 889. (in German)
[21] Moghimi M, Zabihi-Mahmoodabadi S, Kheirkhah- Vakilabad A, Kargar Z. Significant correlation between high-risk HPV DNA in semen and impairment of sperm quality in infertile men. Int J Fertil Steril 2019; 12: 306–309.
[22] Kurscheidt FA, Damke E, Bento JC, Balani VA, Takeda KI, Piva S, et al. Effects of herpes simplex virus infections on seminal parameters in male partners of infertile couples. Urology 2018; 113: 52–58.
[23] Yazdi RS, Zangeneh M, Makiani MJ, Gilani MAS. Impact of hepatitis B virus and hepatitis C virus infection on sperm parameters of infertile men. Int J Reprod Biomed 2019; 17: 551–556.
[24] Zangeneh M, Sedaghat Jou M, Sadighi Gilani MA, Jamshidi Makiani M, Sadeghinia S, Salman Yazdi R. The prevalence of HBV, HCV and HIV infections among Iranian infertile couples referring to Royan institute infertility clinic: A cross-sectional study. Int J Reprod Biomed 2018; 16: 595–600.
[25] Nikbakht R, Saadati N, Firoozian F. Prevalence of HBsAG, HCV and HIV antibodies among infertile couples in Ahvaz, South-West Iran. Jundishapur J Microbiol 2012; 5: 393– 397.
[26] Bezold G, Politch JA, Kiviat NB, Kuypers JM, Wolff H, Anderson DJ. Prevalence of sexually transmissible pathogens in semen from asymptomatic male infertility patients with and without leukocytospermia. Fertil Steril 2007; 87: 1087–1097.
[27] Rintala MM, Greénman SE, Pöllänen PP, Suominen JJ, Syrjänen SM. Detection of high-risk HPV DNA in semen and its association with the quality of semen. Int J STD AIDS 2004; 15: 740–743.
[28] Foresta C, Pizzol D, Moretti A, Barzon L, Palù G, Garolla A. Clinical and prognostic significance of human papillomavirus DNA in the sperm or exfoliated cells of infertile patients and subjects with risk factors. Fertil Steril 2010; 94: 1723–1727.
[29] Moghimi M, Zabihi-Mahmoodabadi S, Kheirkhah- Vakilabad A, Kargar Z. Significant correlation between High-Risk HPV DNA in semen and impairment of sperm quality in infertile men. Int J Fertil Steril 2019; 12: 306–309.
[30] Nasseri S, Monavari SH, Keyvani H, Nikkhoo B, Vahabpour Roudsari R, Khazeni M. The prevalence of human papilloma virus (HPV) infection in the oligospermic and azoospermic men. Med J Islam Repub Iran 2015; 29: 272.
[31] Lyu Z, Feng X, Li N, Zhao W, Wei L, Chen Y, et al. Human papillomavirus in semen and the risk for male infertility: A systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Infect Dis 2017; 17: 714.
[32] Monavari SH, Vaziri MS, Khalili M, Shamsi-Shahrabadi M, Keyvani H, Mollaei H, et al. Asymptomatic seminal infection of herpes simplex virus: Impact on male infertility. J Biomed Res 2013; 27: 56–61.
[33] Ochsendorf FR. Sexually transmitted infections: Impact on male fertility. Andrologia 2008; 40: 72–75.