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Ebrahim, E. M. A., Ghebrehiwot, L., Abdalgfar, T., & Juni, M. H. (2017). Health Care System in Sudan: Review and Analysis of Strength, Weakness, Opportunity, and Threats (SWOT Analysis). Sudan Journal of Medical Sciences (SJMS), 12(3), 133-150. https://doi.org/10.18502/sjms.v12i3.924
https://doi.org/10.18502/sjms.v12i3.924
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- Cited by 24 articles
authors
- Ebrahim Mohammed Abdullah Ebrahim
-
Luam Ghebrehiwot
Luam Ghebrehiwot
Universiti Putra Malaysia
-
Tasneem Abdalgfar
Tasneem Abdalgfar
Unversiti Putra Malaysia
- Muhammad Hanafiah Juni
Published Date
- Sep 6, 2017
Health Care System in Sudan: Review and Analysis of Strength, Weakness, Opportunity, and Threats (SWOT Analysis)
Abstract
Background: The Republic of the Sudan located in north-east of Africa and is considered to be a lower-middle income country. The country has well established healthcare system with many drawbacks mainly due to economic and managerial reasons followed by prolonged political instability and sanctions.
Objective: The aim of this study is to give an insight over the health services system in Sudan and to analyze the strength, weakness, opportunities, and threats (SWOT).
Materials and Methods: The search was done from two electronic databases: MEDLINE/Pubmed and from public search engines: Google Scholar and Google with key Search words used mainly as “Healthcare system in Sudan “. Additionally, SWOT analysis of healthcare system in Sudan was carried out based on the Roemer’s model of health service system.
Results: The Sudanese healthcare system was analyzed for different components of the system: The system in Sudan has full package of strategic plans and policies be it in a long term or short. Despite this there is poor implementation and organization along with frail health information system. The main external factors that drawback the system is the overall economic instability which resulted in cutting of the health expenditure.
Conclusion: The Sudan is a rich country in terms of natural resources and population. Its health service system has strengths and weaknesses. It needs to build on its qualified human work force, stress on its well-designed short and long-term strategies on health care system and the partnership with external funding institutions, while overcoming the challenges on creating the proper health information system, economic support system and centralization of health service and professionals.
Keywords: Health Care System, Sudan, SWOT analysis
References
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37. Abdalla FM, Omar MA, Badr EE. Contribution of Sudanese medical diaspora to the healthcare delivery system in Sudan: exploring options and barriers. Hum Resour Health. 2016;14(S1):28.
38. Brouwer S. The Cuban Revolutionary Doctor: The Ultimate Weapon of Solidarity. onthly review .An Independent Socialist Magazine. Monthly Review. 2009. p. 28–43.
39. Souers JM. Cuba Leads the World in Lowest Patient per Doctor Ratio; How do they do it at The Social Medicine Portal.The Social Medicine Portal. 2012. p. July 30th.
40. Badr E. Migration of health professionals in Sudan : need for a national policy ? 2011;(June):2011.
41. Mills EJ, Kanters S, Hagopian A, Bansback N, Nachega J, Alberton M, et al. The financial cost of doctors emigrating from sub-Saharan Africa: human capital analysis. BMJ. 2011;343(November):d7031.
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44. El-imam HAI, Yusuf N, Abdul K, Arab S. Impact of Brain Drain Immigration on the Economic Development in Sudan 1973 to 2005 Introduction : Bus Manag Rev. 2013;3(3):15–24.
45. Mohamed GK. Financing health care in Sudan: Is it a time for a bolishing of user charge. Sudan J Public Heal. 2007;2(1):38–47.
46. Gaafar R, Tarin E, Salih E, Abdallah F. Sudan Health System Financing: review and recommendations. Evid - Public Heal Institue’s Q Newsl. 2014;(10).
47. PNHP. Health Care Systems - Four Basic Models | Physicians for a National Health Program. 2008. p. 3.
48. Jocelyn Levine. Can the Cuban Universal Health System Work in the U.S, Community Health, Global Health, Healthcare Policy:Mail man school of public health- Colombia University. 2016.
49. Christina H. Primary Health Care, Why is it Important? [Internet]. 2015 [cited 2017 Jan 23]. Available from: http://www.phcris.org.au/news/newsfeed/2015/november/phcvideo.php
50. Elsubai I. Health promotion prospects in Sudan. Sudan J public Heal. 2007;2(1):10–20.
51. Louran A, Musa AM, Hanan T, Mohammed NA, Nazik, Nurelhuda Muna, Hassan Mustafa Sara, Hassan Mustafa Alshreef, Abualbishr Dina, Sami Khalifa Fatima, Elhassan Intisar, Elfadil Saeed Abdelmutalab, Khalid Dalia YEK, Yara BE, et al. Promoting access to high quality primary health care services in Sudan [Internet]. 2012. Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/229072353_Promoting_access_to_high_quality_primary_health_care_services_in_Sudan
2. Roemer MI. National health systems of the world. oxford university press; 1993.
3. Barton PL. Understanding the US health services system [Internet]. Health Administration Press; 2010. 568 p. Available from: https://www.ache.org/pubs/PDF_Excerpts/Barton4_chap_1_through_3.pdf
4. WHO. Health System Profile Sudan. Reg Heal Syst Obs EMRO. 2006;1–53.
5. UN. United Nations in Sudan: About Sudan [Internet]. 2014. Available from: http://sd.one.un.org/content/unct/sudan/en/home/about.html
6. UN. Sudan Population (2017) - United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division. 2017.
7. WHO. World Health Organization: Sudan statistics [Internet]. 2016. Available from: http://www.who.int/countries/sdn/en/
8. Federal Ministry of health. Republic of the Sudan, Federal Ministry of Health. Joint financial managment Assessment. Minist Heal. 2016;(June).
9. A-Rahman NHA, Jacquet GA. The state of emergency care in the Republic of the Sudan. African J Emerg Med [Internet]. 2017 Jan 20;4(2):55–60. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.afjem.2013.12.002
10. Terzić Z, Vukasinović Z, Bjegović-Mikanović V, Jovanović V, Janicić R. [SWOT analysis: the analytical method in the process of planning and its application in the development of orthopaedic hospital department]. Srp Arh Celok Lek [Internet]. 2011;138(7–8):473–9. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21971992
11. Woratanarat T, Woratanarat P. Assessment of prospective physician characteristics by SWOT analysis. Malaysian J Med Sci. 2012;19(1):60–4.
12. Pedersen KM, Bech M, Vrangbæk K, others. The Danish Health Care System: An Analysis of Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats (SWOT analysis). Odense Res Unit Heal Econ 2011Health Econ Pap. 2011;2.
13. Gibis B, Artiles J, Corabian P, Meiesaar K, Koppel A, Jacobs P, et al. Application of strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats analysis in the development of a health technology assessment program. Health Policy (New York). 2008;
14. Burgess C. Application Form for: Republic of Sudan (Northern States) GAVI Alliance Health System Strengthening (HSS) Applications, October 2007. 2007. p. 1–60.
15. Federal Ministry of health. Sudan National Health Policy , 2007. 2007;1–20.
16. WHO. Country Cooperation Strategy for WHO Sudan and 2008--2013. 2010;
17. Bjune GA, Al-Said SSE, Damtew ZA. The Health Information System in Sudan-The National Level and the State Capita. Univ I OSLO. 2010;(July):1–144.
18. global health workforce alliance. Achieving health related MDGs :Addressing health workforce challenges through the Country Coordination and Facilitation (CCF) Approach. Glob Heal Work alliance. 2012;
19. Ministry of Health Sudan. Reproductive Health Strategic Plan 2013 – 2016. 2013;(February 2013).
20. Flinkenflogel M, Essuman A, Chege P, Ayankogbe O, De Maeseneer J. Family medicine training in sub-Saharan Africa: South-South cooperation in the Primafamed project as strategy for development. Fam Pract. 2014 Aug;31(4):427–36.
21. Federal Ministry of health. Federal Ministry of Health, Directorate General of Human Resources for Health, Development National Human Resources for Health Strategic Plan for Sudan. 2016;1–83.
22. Malik N. Failing hospitals and private-public fiefdoms_ what healthcare reveals about Sudan. African Arguments. 2014.
23. ECOSOC Meeting. IMPLEMENTATION OF NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT STRATEGIES; SUDAN PRESENTATION. In 2009.
24. Federal Ministry of Health. 25 YEARS STRATEGIC PLAN FOR HEALTH SECTOR. 2002.
25. Navarro V, Muntaner C, Borrell C, Benach J, Quiroga Á, Rodríguez-Sanz M, et al. Politics and health outcomes. Lancet. 2006;368(9540):1033–7.
26. Glassman A, Buse K. Politics, and Public Health Policy Reform. In: International Encyclopedia of Public Health. 2017. p. 527–32.
27. Federal Ministry of Health. 5-YEAR National Health Information Strategic Plan 2007. 2007.
28. Nimeiri M, Moustafa M, Ali M. Sudan health information system: Review and assessment. Khartoum Natl Heal Inf Cent. 2007;
29. MSF. Sudan Activity Report 2015 [Internet]. 2015 [cited 2017 Jan 25]. Available from: http://activityreport2015.msf.org/country/sudan/
30. Fedral Ministry of Health. Joint Financial Management Assessment Report [Internet]. 2016. Available from: https://www.internationalhealthpartnership.net/fileadmin/uploads/ihp/Documents/Key_Issues/Financial_Management/Sudan_Health_Sector_JFMA_Report.pdf
31. Abdalla IM. Sudan’s Health Sector Reform; addressing the SDGs. Public Health Institute, Sudan; 2017.
32. Alimam AA. Sudan 2015 Field Report.Emergency physicians international. 2015.
33. Badr E. Human Resources for Health (HRH) Strategic Work Plan for Sudan (2008-2012). 2012.
34. GHWA. Achieving health related MDGs :Addressing health workforce challenges through the Country Coordination and Facilitation (CCF) Approach. Glob Heal Work alliance. 2012;1–7.
35. World Bank. Sudan Overview- World bank. 2015. World Bank; 2015.
36. Mouhanad Hammami. Expat Arab health professionals: Brain Drain or Brain Gain-DIFI International Seminar Doha, Qatar. 2013;
37. Abdalla FM, Omar MA, Badr EE. Contribution of Sudanese medical diaspora to the healthcare delivery system in Sudan: exploring options and barriers. Hum Resour Health. 2016;14(S1):28.
38. Brouwer S. The Cuban Revolutionary Doctor: The Ultimate Weapon of Solidarity. onthly review .An Independent Socialist Magazine. Monthly Review. 2009. p. 28–43.
39. Souers JM. Cuba Leads the World in Lowest Patient per Doctor Ratio; How do they do it at The Social Medicine Portal.The Social Medicine Portal. 2012. p. July 30th.
40. Badr E. Migration of health professionals in Sudan : need for a national policy ? 2011;(June):2011.
41. Mills EJ, Kanters S, Hagopian A, Bansback N, Nachega J, Alberton M, et al. The financial cost of doctors emigrating from sub-Saharan Africa: human capital analysis. BMJ. 2011;343(November):d7031.
42. Federal Ministry of health. Republic of the Sudan, Federal Ministry of Health, 2 5 years Strategic Plan. 2003;
43. Zapmeta. Health in Sudan - ZapMeta Wiki. 2017.
44. El-imam HAI, Yusuf N, Abdul K, Arab S. Impact of Brain Drain Immigration on the Economic Development in Sudan 1973 to 2005 Introduction : Bus Manag Rev. 2013;3(3):15–24.
45. Mohamed GK. Financing health care in Sudan: Is it a time for a bolishing of user charge. Sudan J Public Heal. 2007;2(1):38–47.
46. Gaafar R, Tarin E, Salih E, Abdallah F. Sudan Health System Financing: review and recommendations. Evid - Public Heal Institue’s Q Newsl. 2014;(10).
47. PNHP. Health Care Systems - Four Basic Models | Physicians for a National Health Program. 2008. p. 3.
48. Jocelyn Levine. Can the Cuban Universal Health System Work in the U.S, Community Health, Global Health, Healthcare Policy:Mail man school of public health- Colombia University. 2016.
49. Christina H. Primary Health Care, Why is it Important? [Internet]. 2015 [cited 2017 Jan 23]. Available from: http://www.phcris.org.au/news/newsfeed/2015/november/phcvideo.php
50. Elsubai I. Health promotion prospects in Sudan. Sudan J public Heal. 2007;2(1):10–20.
51. Louran A, Musa AM, Hanan T, Mohammed NA, Nazik, Nurelhuda Muna, Hassan Mustafa Sara, Hassan Mustafa Alshreef, Abualbishr Dina, Sami Khalifa Fatima, Elhassan Intisar, Elfadil Saeed Abdelmutalab, Khalid Dalia YEK, Yara BE, et al. Promoting access to high quality primary health care services in Sudan [Internet]. 2012. Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/229072353_Promoting_access_to_high_quality_primary_health_care_services_in_Sudan