Sustainable Development: Legal Status and Formulation

Abstract

Since 1990s almost every country in the world has acknowledged and adopted sustainable development as the objective of the country’s environmental policy and development agenda. According to the World Commission on Environment and Development, sustainable development is development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability offuture generations to meet their own needs. However, the concept of sustainable development lacks clarity, which leads to various and conflicting interpretations. In addition, the legal status of sustainable development is also debatable. This paper attempts to answer the question ofhow the concept of sustainable development has been developed, interpreted, implemented, and adopted in various international talks addressing global environmental problems and in Indonesian environmental law.


 


 


Keywords: sustainable development, principles of environmental law, global environmental problems

References
[1] David Hunter, James Salzman, dan Durwood Zaelke,”International Environmental Lawand Policy”, (Thomson Reuters: Foundation Press, 1998), Page. 303.


[2] The 1992 Convention on Biological Diversity, 5 June 1992 (in force 29 December 1993), 1760 UNTS 79, 31 ILM 818 (1992)


[3] Deklarasi Rio,UN Doc.AlCONF.151/26 (vol. 1),31 ILM 874 (1992), Prinsip I. Page. 41.


[4] Deklarasi Rio, UN Doc.AlCONF.151/26 (vol. I), 31 ILM 874 (1992), Prinsip 4. Par. 37.


[5] John Alder dan David Wilkinson,”Environmental Law and Ethics ”,(London: Macmillan Press, 1999), Page. 38, 53, 130-131.


[6] John Rawls, ”A The Only of Justice ”, revised ed. (USA: Oxford University Press, 1999), Page. 266.


[7] Springer, Netherlands: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 2007), Page. 8-9


[8] UNFCCC, 1771 UNTS 107,31 ILM 849 (1992)


[9] UNFCCC, 1771 UNTS 107,31 ILM 849 (1992), art. 3(4).


[10] The 1997 Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, 10 Dec. 1997, U.N. Doc.FCCC/CPI1997I71Add.l,37 ILM. 22 (1998).


[11] Protokol Kyoto 1997, U.N. DocFCCC/CPI1997I71Add.l,37 ILM. 22 (1998), art. 2(1).


[12] Protokol Kyoto1997, U.N. DocFCCC/CPI1997I71Add.l,37 ILM. 22 (1998), art. 2(ia)(ii) dan (iii).


[13] Kasus Gabcikovo-Nagymaros: Pendapat Weeramantly, note 47 Page. 90, 92-94.


[14] The Iron Rhine (”Ijzeren Rijn”) Railway case (Belgium v. Netherlands) Penn. Ct. Arb.


[15] The Case of the Uruguayan River Paper Factory: Opinions Trindade, Op. Cit., note 42, par. 140.


[16] Malgosia Fitzmaurice,”Contempormy Issues in International Environmental Law”,(London, UK: Edward Elgar, 2009), Page. 80.


[17] In Language Lowe, fungsi meta-principle this is”interstitial activity, pushing andpulling the boundaries of true prim my norms when they threaten to overlap or conflict with each other”. Ibid.,page. 80-81.


[18] Alhaji B.M. Marong, From Rio To Johannesburg: Reflections on the Role ofInternational Legal Norms in Sustainable Development, ”Georgetown International Environmental Law Review”, Vol. 16,2003, Page. 45.


[19] Christina Voigt,”Sustainable Development as a Principle of International Law:Resolving Conflicts Betlveen Climate Measures and WTO Law”,Springer: Netherlands:Martinus Nijhoff. Publishers, 2009, Page. 159-160.


[20] Mary Pat Williams Silveira,International Legal Instruments and SustainableDevelopment: Principles, Requirements, and Restructuring, ”Willamette Law Review”, Vol. 31, 1995, Page. 243-244.


[21] ILA,New Delhi Declaration of Principles of International Law Relating toSustainable Development, 2 April 2002, ”International Environmental Agreements: Politics, Law and Economics”, Vol. 2, 2002, Page. 211-216.


[22] Springer,Netherlands: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 2004), Page. 109-115.


[23] Sumudu Atapattu. Sustainable Development, Myth or Reality?: A Survey of Sustainable Development Under International Law and Sri Lankan Law, ”Georgetown International Environmental Law Review”, Vol. 14, 2001, Page. 273.