Visual Attention, Driving Behavior and Driving Performance among Young Drivers in Sleep-deprived Condition
Abstract
Traffic accident is one of the main causes of death among young drivers, both in developed and developing country. Sleep deprivation is agreed to be one of the major contributing factors. In this study, we investigate the effect of sleep deprivation on visual attention during driving and how it contributes to driving behaviors and performance. Twelve male students (mean age = 21.6 years, SD = 0.6 years) who already had valid driving license participated in this study. They were required to drive on a driving simulator in two conditions: normal sleep and sleep-deprived condition. In normal sleep condition, participants were allowed to have a normal sleep for at least 8 h prior to having driving simulation session, whereas in sleep-deprived condition, participants performed simulated driving session after 24 h of continuous sleep deprivation. We found that visual attention, represented by fixation duration and number of fixation on Direct Sight, decreased during driving simulation in sleep deprivation condition. In addition, we observed performance deterioration in sleep
deprivation condition.
Keywords: sleep deprivation, visual attention, driving behavior, driving performance
References
[1] Plainis, S., Murray, I. J., and Pallikaris, I. G. (2006). Road traffic casualties: Understanding the night-time death toll. Injury Prevention, vol. 12, no. 2, pp. 125– 138.
[2] Soehodho, S. (2007). Motorization in Indonesia and its impact to traffic accidents. IATSS Research, vol. 31, no. 2, pp. 27–33; Filtness, A. J., Reyner, L. A. , and Horne, J. A. (March 2012). Driver sleepiness—Comparisons between young and older men during a monotonous afternoon simulated drive. Biological Psychology, vol. 89, no.
3, pp. 580–583.
[3] Steele, M. T., Ma, O. J., Watson, W. A., et al. (1999). The occupational risk of motor vehicle collisions for emergency medicine residents. Academic Emergency Medicine, vol. 6, no. 10, pp. 1050–1053.
[4] Garbarino, S., Nobili, L., Beelke, M., et al. (2001). The contributing role of sleepiness in highway vehicle accidents. Sleep, vol. 24, no. 2, pp. 203–206.
[5] Maia, Q., Grandner, M. A., Findley, J., et al. (2013). Short and long sleep duration and risk of drowsy driving and the role of subjective sleep insufficiency. Accident Analysis & Prevention, vol. 59.
[6] Gastaldi, M., Rossi, R., and Gecchele, G. (2014). Effects of driver task-related fatigue on driving performance. Procedia, Social and Behavioral Sciences, vol. 111, pp. 955– 964.
[7] Howard, M. E., Jackson, M. L., Berlowitz, D., et al. (2014). Specific sleepiness symptoms are indicators of performance impairment during sleep deprivation. Accident Analysis & Prevention, vol. 62, pp. 1–8.
[8] Jackson, M. L., Croft, R. J., Kennedy, G. A., et al. (2013). Cognitive components of simulated driving performance: Sleep loss effects and predictors. Accident Analysis & Prevention, vol. 50, pp. 438–444.
[9] Otmani, S., Pebayle, T., Roge, J., et al. (2005). Effect of driving duration and partial sleep deprivation on subsequent alertness and performance of car drivers. Psychological Behavior, vol. 84, pp. 715–724.
[10] Lim, J. and Dinges, D. F. (2008). Sleep deprivation and vigilant attention. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, vol. 1129, pp. 305–322.
[11] Dinges, D. F., Pack, F., Williams, K., et al. (1997). Cumulative sleepiness, mood disturbance, and psychomotor vigilance performance decrements during a week of sleep restricted to 4-5 hours per night. Sleep, vol. 20, no. 4, pp. 267–277.
[12] Owsley, C., Ball, K., McGwin, Jr., G, et al. (1998). Visual processing impairment and risk of motor vehicle crash among older adults. JAMA, vol. 279, no. 14, pp. 1083– 1088.
[13] Rumar, K. (1 October 1990). The basic driver error: Late detection. Ergonomics, vol. 33, no. 10–11, pp. 1281–1290.
[14] Biggs, S. N., Smith, A., Dorrian, J., et al. (2007) Perception of simulated driving performance after sleep restriction and caffeine. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, vol. 63, no. 6, pp. 573–577.
[15] Pizza, F., Contardi, S., Ferlisi, M., et al. (2008). Daytime driving simulation performance and sleepiness in obstructive sleep apnoea patients. Accident Analysis & Prevention, vol. 40, pp. 602–609.
[16] Davenne, D., Lericollais, R., Sagaspe, P., et al. (2012). Reliability of simulator driving tool for evaluation of sleepiness, fatigue and driving performance. Accident Analysis & Prevention, vol. 45, pp. 677–682.
[17] Matthews, R. W., Ferguson, S. A., Zhou, X., et al. (2012). Simulated driving under the influence of extended wake, time of day and sleep restriction. Accident Analysis & Prevention, vol. 45, no. 55–61.
[18] Reed, M. P. and Green, P. A. (1999). Comparison of driving performance on-road and in a low-cost simulator using a concurrent telephone dialling task. Ergonomics, vol. 42, no. 8, pp. 1015–1037.
[19] Åkerstedt, T. and Gillberg, M. (1990). Subjective and objective sleepiness in the active individual. International Journal of Neuroscience, vol. 52, no. 1, pp. 29–37.
[20] Mahachandra, M., Yassierli, Sutalaksana, I. Z., et al. (2011). Sleepiness pattern of Indonesian Professional driver based on subjective scale and eye closure activity. IJBAS: International Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, vol. 11, no. 6, pp. 87–96.
[21] Di Stasi, L. L., Álvarez-Valbuena, V., Cañas, J. J., et al. (2009). Risk behaviour and mental workload: Multimodal assessment techniques applied to motorbike riding simulation. Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour, vol. 12, no. 5, pp. 361–370.
[22] Mackenzie, A. K. and Harris, J. M. (2014). Characterizing visual attention during driving and non-driving hazard perception tasks in a simulated environment, in Proceedings of the Symposium on Eye Tracking Research and Applications, 127–130. (ETRA ’14).. New York, NY: ACM.
[23] De Gennaro, L., Ferrara, M., Urbani, L., et al. (2000). Oculomotor impairment after 1 night of total sleep deprivation: a dissociation between measures of speed and accuracy. Clinical Neurophysiology, vol. 111, no. 10, pp. 1771–1778.
[24] De Gennaro, L., Ferrara, M., Curcio, G., et al. (2001). Visual search performance across 40 h of continuous wakefulness: Measures of speed and accuracy and relation with oculomotor performance. Physiological Behaviour, vol. 74, no. 1, pp. 197–204.
[25] Liu, G-.F., Han, S., Liang, D-.H., et al. (2003). Driver sleepiness and risk of car crashes in Shenyang, a Chinese northeastern city: Population-based case-control study. Biomedical and Environmental Sciences, vol. 16, no. 3, pp. 219–226.
[26] Lim, J. and Dinges, D. F. Sleep deprivation and vigilant attention. (2008). Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, vol. 1129, no. 1, pp. 305–322.
[27] Wibirama, S., Wijayanto, T., Nugroho, H. A., et al. (2016). Quantifying visual attention and visually induced motion sickness during day-night driving and sleep deprivation, in Proceedings of 2015 International Conference on Data and Software Engineering, ICODSE 2015, 191–194.