Well-Water Consumption of High Cadmium and the Resulting Urinary Cadmium Levels in a Community near a Dumping Site
Abstract
Cadmium (Cd) is a nephrotoxic metal that can accumulate in the kidneys for a long time, damaging the kidneys’ tubules and leading to renal failure. This study aimed to determine the relationship between the consumption of well water exposed to Cd and urinary Cd. The cross-sectional study was performed in the community near the Namo Bintang dumpsite. The sample population of 99 people was selected by stratified random sampling based on the distance of the individual’s home from the landfill. Cd was measured via GFAAS, and the data was analyzed by correlation and regression (wellwater Cd, age, volume of water intake, duration of Cd intake), independent sample t-test (gender, occupational, smoking habit, BMI), and multiple linear regression. The study’s results showed that 65 respondents (65.7%) had been exposed to Cd higher than the normal level (0.005mg/l) and that 99 urine samples (100%) had high Cd levels above the normal level (5 μg/g creatinine). There was no significant correlation between the well’s Cd level and urinary Cd. The variables of gender, BMI,
and the duration of Cd intake had significant correlations with urinary Cd (p-values of 0.045, 0.025, and 0.041, respectively). Therefore, the residents were instructed to not use well water as their primary source of drinking water.
References
[1] Adnan, Jawdat A., Shah S. Azhar, Jaafar M. Hasni, and Jadoo S. Ahmad. 2012. “Urinary cadmium concentration and its risk factors among adults in Tanjung Karang, Selangor.” American-Eurasian Journal of Toxicological Sciences 4 (2): 80-88.
[2] Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry - ATSDR. 2008. Toxicological Profile for Cadmium. Atlanta, GA: US Department of Human and Health Services. Accessed June 21, 2017. http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/TP.asp?id=48&tid=15.
[3] Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry - ATSDR. 2012. Toxicological Profile for Cadmium. Atlanta, GA: US Department of Human and Health Services. Accessed June 21, 2017. https://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/tp5.pdf.
[4] Akesson, Agneta, and Marika Berglund. 2008. “Cadmium exposure in pregnancy
and lactation in relation to iron status.” American Journal of Public Health 92 (2):
284-287.
[5] Ashar, Taufik, Wirsal Hasan, Hamonangan Nainggolan, and Erman Munir. 2016. “Correlation of Cadmium Intake from Water and Biomarkers in Resident Living Around Namobintang Dumpsite.” Indonesian Journal of Chemistry 16 (1).
[6] Association Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists - ACGIH. 2007. Threshold Limit Values (TLVs) and Biological Exposure Indices (BEIs). Cincinnati, OH: American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienist. Accessed June 21, 2017. https://www.osha.gov/dts/osta/otm/otm_ii/pdfs/otmii_chpt2_appb.pdf.
[7] Aucott, Michael. 2006. The Fate of Heavy Metals in Landfills: A Review Industrial Ecology, Pollution Prevention and the NY-NJ Harbor. New York: New York Academy of Sciences.
[8] Berglund, Marika, Agneta Akesson, Barbro Nermell, and Marie Vahter. 2015. “Intestinal absorption of dietary cadmium in women is dependent on body iron stores and fiber intake.” Environ Health Perspect 102: 1058-66.
[9] Everret, Charles, and Ivar L. Frithsen. 2008. “Association of urinary cadmium and myocardial infarction.” Environ Res: 284-286.
[10] Gonick, H. C. 2008. “Nephrotoxicity of cadmium and lead.” Indian J Med Res, 128: 335-352.
[11] Iqbal, Mohammad A., and S G. Gupta. 2009. “Studies on Heavy Metal Ion Pollution of Ground Water Sources as an Effect of Municipal Solid Waste Dumping.” African Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences 1 (5-6): 117-122.
[12] Jarup, Lars, and Agneta Akesson. 2009. “Current status of cadmium as an environmental health problem.” Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 238 (3):201–208.
[13] Nainggolan, Adolpino. 2011. Analisa Kandungan Kadmium Sumur Gali Masyarakat di Sekitar TPA Namobintang Kecamatan Pancurbatu Kabupaten Deli Serdang Tahun 2011. Undergraduate thesis, Universitas Sumatera Utara.
[14] Pavittranon, Sumol, and Punthip Teeyapant. 1995. “A report on blood lead level in Thai population 1987-1992.” Bull Dept Med Serv 37: 11-7
[15] Peters, Junenette L., Todd S. Perlstein, Melissa J. Perry, Eeleen McNeely, and Jennifer Weuve. 2010. “Cadmium Exposure in Association with History of Stroke and Heart Failure.” Environ Res 110 (2): 199-206.
[16] Qasim, Syed. 1994. Sanitary Landfill Leachate Generation, Control & Treatment, Technomic Publishing Company. Texas: CRC Press.
[17] Roels, Harry, and Perrine Hoet. 1999. “Usefulness of Biomarkers of Exposure to Inorganic Mercury, Lead, or Cadmium in Controlling Occupation and Environmental Risks of Nephrotoxicy.” Renal Failure, 21: 3-4.
[18] Sirivarasai, Jintana, S. Kaojaren, W. Wananukul, and P. Srisomerang. 2002. Non-Occupational Determinant of Cadmium and Lead in Blood and Urine Among a General Population in Thailand., vol.33. Accessed June 21, 2017.
http://www.tm.mahidol.ac.th/seameo/2002_33_1/32-2713.pdf.
[19] Taveepong, S., V. Sripiron, H. Sriburi, and B. Panjaburi. 1999. “Blood Lead Levels in Normal People and Workers in Factories of the Northern Industrial Estate.” Bull Chiang Mai Assoc MedSci, 32: 3-9.
[20] Tchobanoglous, George, and Hilary Theisen. 1993. Integrated Solid Waste Management. The University of Michigan: Mc Graw-Hill International Edition.
[21] Tellez-Plaza, Maria, Ana Navas-Acien, Kathleen Caldwell, Andy Menke, Paul Muntner, and Eliseo Guallar. 2012. Reduction in Cadmium Exposure in the United States Population, 1988-2008, The Contribution of Declining Smoking Rates. Environmental Health Perspectives 120.
[22] World Health Organization – WHO (World Health Organization). 2004. Cadmium in Drinking Water, Background Document for Development of WHO Guidelines for Drinking Water Quality. Geneva: World Health Organization.
[23] World Health Organization – WHO (World Health Organization). 2010. Exposure
to Cadmium a Major Public Health Concern. Geneva: World Health Organization.
Accessed June 21, 2017. http://www.who.int/ipcs/features/cadmium.pdf.