Coptotermes sp. Termite Attacks in Some Locations of Red Meranti (Shorea leprosula Miq.) Plantation

Red Meranti (Shorea leprosula Miq.) have been widely planted in secondary forests and logged over forest. Problems were found in the field is due to the presence of Coptotermes sp. termite attack in S. leprosula plants resulting to its death. The aims of this study were to determine the percentage and intensity of Coptotermes sp. termite attack. The method used is to perform observations of termite attack in several locations planting, i.e. in KHDTK Samboja (East Kalimantan), KHDTK Sebulu (East Kalimantan), PT INHUTANI II, Pulau Laut (South Kalimantan) and PT Suka Jaya Makmur (West Kalimantan). The results showed that the percentage and intensity of Coptotermes sp. termite attacks in KHDTK Samboja, respectively 7.3% and 4.7%, in KHDTK Sebulu 11.3% and 8.2%, in Inhutani II 5.8% and 5.3% and in PT Suka Jaya Makmur 5.4% and 4.8%. The source of termite attacks in plants in KHDTK Samboja and KHDTK Sebulu was the termite nest contained in secondary forest bordering S. leprosula plantations while the source of the termite attack in plants in Inhutani II and PT Suka Jaya Makmur was the termite nests located between S. leprosula plantations. Finally, Coptotermes sp termite attack disturbed S. leprosula plantation.


Introduction
Coptotermes is a subterranean genus of termites and distributed across Asia, Africa and other tropical regions.Coptotermes was likely to be tree-nesting [1].Termite became economic pests when they started destroying wood, wooden product, building materials and forests [2].
Meranti/Shorea as one of Dipterocarps family had been planted in secondary forests and logged over forest.Shorea leprosula as valuable species in plantation forests because it could grow well in almost all test sites plantings including Sumatra, Kalimantan, Maluku and Papua [3].S. leprosula plantation aged 5 yr and over in Kalimantan, attacked by Coptotermes sp.termite resulting to its death.This research aims to get

Not affected
No termite attack 0 Light affected Attacked the relatively narrow tree marked with the soil crust on tree trunks or soil crust form the grooves found on rooting and stem 1

Medium affected
The affected part of the tree is relatively medium area, with the soil crust characterized by ground on tree trunks or soil crust that forms around a tree trunk and closed the half of the diameter of the trunk 2 Heavy affected The affected part of the tree is relatively wide area, with the soil crust characterized by ground on tree trunks or soil crust has formed close trunk 3 Death Soil crust on the trunk or soil crust formed already covered the entire tree trunks, tree leaves were fallen and no signs of life 4 Sources: [4] with modification.
T 2: Determination score of termite attack on tree.
data on the frequency and intensity of Coptotermes sp.termite attack on S. leprosula plantation in Kalimantan (East Kalimantan, South Kalimantan, and West Kalimantan).

Materials and Methods
Research materials were S. leprosula plantation with various ages, which were planted in secondary forest and logged over forest.The equipment used hagameter and polemeter to measure tree height, phiband to measure tree diameter and camera for research documentations.This research observed Coptotermes sp.termite attack on S. leprosula plantation in Kalimantan (East Kalimantan, South Kalimantan, and West Kalimantan) can be seen in Table 1.
Observation of termite attacks on S. leprosula by observing each tree in the plot based on the score as presented in Table 2. Attack frequency (F) was calculated using the formula [5] as follows: Remarks: F = attack frequency (%), X = numbers of attacked plants, y = numbers of observed plants.
Attack intensity of (I) was calculated using the formula according to [4] that modified as follows: Remarks: X = number of observed plants, X 1 = number of light damaged plants (score 1), X 2 = number of moderately damaged plants (score 2), X 3 = number of heavy damaged plants (score 3), X 4 = number of death plants (score 4), y 1 -y 4 = grades 1 to 4 of each of the plants showing symptoms of a mild attack to death (no sign of life).
To describe the overall condition of plants in research area due to termite attack can be discovered based on criteria according to [5] can be seen in Table 3.

Result and Discussion
Field identification showed that every plot attacked by termites with different frequency and intensity.Number of plants which attacked by termites, attacked frequency and intensity of termite attack in some S. leprosula plantation presented in Table 4.
The result showed that every plot had been attacked by termite.Termite nest widely distributed in all studied plots [6].Termite attack frequency ranged 5.4% to 11.3%.Coptotermes sp.attack tended to slowly but sure.Termite would attack trees that are an live or dead tree and tends to spread to the surrounding trees [7].
Field observations indicated that termite attack spread from tree to another tree through fallen tree and liana which attacked by termite.Termite could be found from leaves on the ground, fallen branches, and vertical soil sheetings covering the bark of trees [8].Termite could digest cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignocellulose efficiently from wood [9].The activity of litter-feeding termite is a strong factor controlling the nutrient distribution in termite colonized soil [10].DOI  Meranti (S. leprosula) trees were attacked by termite had a trunk covered by termite nest made from soil.Termite species confirmed the fact that soil engineers can have a greater impact on soil [8].Termite may have collected a greater part of their building materials from the local thin soil cover [6].Some Meranti (S. leprosula) trees side by side could be attacked by termite and connected into one nest.Landscape structure played an important role in territory development [11].Termite territory occupied by physical obstacles such as rocks or artificial structures in which termite cannot tunnel for foraging.
In KHDTK Sebulu and KHDTK Samboja found termite nest with a height up to 2 m to 3 m.Meranti (S. leprosula) trees in KHDTK Sebulu and KHDTK Samboja had bigger stem diameter than in PT Inhutani II and PT Suka Jaya Makmur.Termite attack was correlated with the size-dependent growth of Eucalyptus tetrodonta and with the probability of survival of either E. tetrodonta or E. miniata [12].
Termite attack in KHDTK Samboja and KHDTK Sebulu derived from secondary termite nest that is in the secondary forest around the S. leprosula plantations.While termite attack in PT.Inhutani II Pulau Laut and PT Suka Jaya Makmur derived from secondary termite nest in the secondary forest between plantation rows.Patterns of termite attack were tend to spread from the termite nest to a tree near the nest [13].
When termite nest in the Meranti (S. leprosula) trees was opened, it was found some neotenic.Termite nest consists of eggs, larva, pseudergate, soldier, neotenic and nymph.The nymphs may become Pseudergate or Alate.Both Alate and neotenic reproduce sexually [14].
Termite attack in Meranti (S. leprosula) trees made the leaves drought, some of the leaves were fallen, and branches or stem were easy broken.Termite attack in the long term about one year could lead S. leprosula to death.Termite attack on living Shorea polyandra tree in Kalimantan causing the tree suffer and often until the tree dies [15].Live trees in Amazonian rain forests commonly have rotten cores that contain Coptotermes termites [16].

Conclusions
Coptotermes sp.termite attacked some location of Red Meranti (Shorea leprosula) plantation in Kalimantan.Coptotermes sp.termite attacked S. leprosula plantation since the age of 6 yr.Red Meranti (S. leprosula) trees were attacked by termite had a trunk covered by termite nest made from soil.Termite attack in the long term about one year could lead S. leprosula to death.Coptotermes sp termite attack disturbed S. leprosula plantation.

3 :
Determining condition of the plants based on termites attack.
10.18502/kls.v3i4.698Number of plants which attacked by termites, attacked frequency and intensity of termite attack in some S. leprosula plantation.