KnE Life Sciences

Nursing Personnel Services in Handling Tuberculosis Patients at Darul Imarah Health Center Aceh Besar District

Nurliana ‎ — 2024-10-04

The quality of services of nursing staff in the management of tuberculosis (TB) patients at the Darul Imarah Community Health Center, Aceh Besar Regency due to the limited capacity of human resources in carrying out data collection is not yet known in reality. This research aims to describe (i) the services of nursing staff in treating tuberculosis patients and (ii) the supporting and inhibiting factors for nursing services in treating tuberculosis patients. A descriptive-qualitative approach was used through interviews, documentation, and observation techniques. The results show that to improve the quality of service at the Darul Imarah Community Health Center, Aceh Besar Regency, it is necessary to take steps to improve the quality of nursing staff services for TB patients.

Keywords: nursing personnel services, tuberculosis, health center

Empowerment Model for Persons with Disabilites: Application Village Inclusion for Incumbent Disability in the Village Mangliawan Pakis District, Malang Regency

Macaria Theresia Laiyan — 2024-10-04

Disability is a condition that restricts an individual’s ability to fully participate in social, economic, and political activities, whether physically, mentally, or sensorily. Disability groups, especially people with disabilities, are vulnerable to discrimination and marginalization due to a lack of support, facilities, and adequate opportunities. The empowerment model of people with disabilities is an approach aimed at enhancing their independence, social participation, and quality of life. This article discusses the empowerment model of people with disabilities, including the benefits and challenges in its implementation. Disability empowerment is focused on enabling them to reach their full potential and participate equally in society by overcoming everyday barriers. Mangliawan Village, a rural area in the Pakis District, Malang Regency, Indonesia, faces similar challenges. Despite the lack of resources and adequate support for people with disabilities, Mangliawan Village has taken significant steps by implementing the principles and goals of Inclusive Village. The implementation of the Inclusive Village in Mangliawan Village begins with an assessment of the needs and challenges of people with disabilities involving local stakeholders, including people with disabilities, families, community leaders, and government officials. The results of this assessment form the basis for developing a comprehensive plan to enhance accessibility and inclusion in Mangliawan Village. This article highlights Mangliawan Village’s efforts to create a more inclusive environment and inspires the development of similar programs in other rural areas.

Keywords: empowerment, persons disabilities, social inclusion, participation, training skills

Halotherapy as Adjuvant Therapy for Respiratory Diseases: A Literature Review

Rhea Veda Nugraha — 2024-10-04

Halotherapy (HT) is part of salt therapy derived from speleotherapy/speleoclimate, which comes from using a micro size of dry salt in aerosol form (such as sodium, potassium, magnesium, calcium, and sodium chloride) with stable air temperature (18–24ºC) and moderate to high humidity (40–60%) for inhalation inside a cave/imitation cave since the nineteenth century. The benefits of HT as an adjuvant may help patients with many medical conditions, especially respiratory and dermatology diseases. This therapy is believed to alleviate inflammation and the immune response and improve respiratory function, etc. The clinical benefits of HT are advocated, but the mechanisms still need to be explicitly elucidated. This study’s main objective is to critically review and evaluate the evidence from existing literature of HT efficacy as an adjuvant therapy for respiratory disease in a narrative review. This review used a systematic approach and narrative synthesis. PubMed, Google Scholar, and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) were searched. Based on preset selection criteria, two reviewers separately looked over abstracts and chose relevant papers. HT improves mucociliary elimination, diminishes airway inflammation, and improves pulmonary function. This adjuvant therapy is safe and does not cause serious adverse events. Therefore, this therapy should be considered an adjuvant therapy for respiratory diseases because of its potential effects. However, scientific evidence of the effectiveness of HT is limited. High-quality further research is required to ascertain the effectiveness of this treatment for respiratory conditions.

Keywords: adjuvant, halotherapy, respiratory diseases, salt therapy, therapy

Comparison of the Antioxidant Effect of Robusta and Arabica Coffee Ethanol Extracts on Oxidative Stress in Diabetic Wounds

Dewi Ratih Handayani — 2024-10-04

Impaired wound healing in diabetes mellitus is caused by metabolic disorders due to hyperglycemia. Hyperglycemia causes an auto-oxidation reaction of glucose, which synthesizes the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Robusta and Arabica coffee contain chlorogenic acid, caffeine, and trigonelline, which can prevent oxidative stress. This study aimed to analyze the antioxidant effect of the ethanol extract ointment of robusta coffee and arabica coffee on oxidative stress in diabetic wounds by measuring the decrease in plasma malondialdehyde (MDA) and leukocytes. This study used 24 experimental animals consisting of a positive control group, a negative control group, a group of rats with diabetic wounds who were given a 15% concentration of Robusta coffee ethanol extract ointment, and a group of rats with diabetic wounds who were given a 15% concentration of Arabica coffee ethanol extract ointment. After eight days of treatment, plasma MDA and leukocyte counts were examined. The results showed that plasma MDA levels and leukocytes did not differ between the diabetic wound groups that were given a 15% concentration of Robusta coffee extract ointment and a 15% concentration of Arabica coffee extract ointment. Robusta coffee and Arabica coffee ethanol extract ointments have the same effect on reducing plasma MDA levels and leukocytes.

Keywords: arabica, diabetic wound, malondialdehyde, robusta

The Effect of Cinnamomum Burmanii Ethanol Extract on Isoniazid-induced Serum Levels of Serum Glutamate Piruvate Transaminase (SGPT) Wistar Strain Male Rats

Evi Sovia — 2024-10-04

Hepatotoxicity can be caused by excessive drug use, triggered by increased oxidative stress which is considered as the initial mechanism of Drug Induced Liver Injury (DILI). One of the causes of DILI is Isoniazid. One of the plants acting as a hepatoprotector in protecting liver cells is cinnamon (Cinamommum burmanii). This study aims to determine the effect of 96% ethanolic cinnamon extract as a hepatoprotector against an increase in Alanine Transaminase (ALT) levels induced by isoniazid. The parameters used to assess liver damage were rat plasma ALT. The sample used in this study was rat plasma, which was taken through the retro orbital sinus. This research is an experimental study with a sample of 25 experimental animals divided into five groups, namely negative control (K1), positive control l (K2), and experimental group with cinnamon ethanolic extract at a dose of 100 mg/kgbw (K3), 200 mg/kgbw(K4), and 400 mg/kgbw(K5). The research used a post-test-only control group design. The results were analyzed using the One-way ANOVA test followed by the post hoc Tukey test. The results proved that cinnamon ethanolic extract at doses of 100 mg/kgbw (P = 0.029), 200 mg/kgbw (P = 0.001), and 400 mg/kgbw (P = 0.000) was effective in reducing plasma SGPT levels in isoniazid-induced rats when compared with the positive control group (K2). The most effective dose was at 200 mg/kgbw (K4). Thus, this proves that all of the doses in experimental groups have a hepatoprotective effect against isoniazid-induced liver damage.

Keywords: Alanine Transaminase (ALT), cinnamon ethanol extract, Drug Induced Liver Injury (DILI), isoniazid

The Effect of the Mediterranean Diet Components on Blood Pressure, Mean Arterial Pressure, and Pulse Pressure in Hypertensive Patients

Endry Septiadi — 2024-10-04

According to the 2018 Basic Health Research Data (RISKESDAS), the prevalence of hypertension in West Java was 39.6%, while in Cimahi City it was 41.83%. The composition of the Mediterranean diet contains a high proportion of MUFA and PUFA which act as anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and cardioprotective with a potential to lower blood pressure. The aim of this study is to determine the impact of Mediterranean diet components on blood pressure in patients with hypertension. The study uses observational analytic methods as the design and also employs a prospective cohort sample of 36 patients with hypertension for three months, using a systematic random sampling technique. The research subjects were checked for blood pressure in the first month (T1) and the last month of the study (T2). The relative Mediterranean Diet (rMED) was used as a source of data on component intakes by administering the Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ) 12 times within three months. The differences in Mediterranean diet composition and blood pressure in all Mediterranean diet adherence groups were examined using the ANOVA test and Tuckey’s post-hoc test, as well as to test comparisons of proportions between rMED adherence groups. The impact of each component of the Mediterranean Diet on blood pressure was evaluated using a linear regression analysis test. The results showed that the average age of hypertensive patients who underwent the Mediterranean diet was 57.94 years and 69.44% were female. The components of fruit and nuts, vegetables, and fish have a significant effect on systolic blood pressure. Fish components have a significant effect on diastolic blood pressure. The components of vegetables and fish have a significant effect on the mean arterial pressure (MAP). Fruit and nut components have a significant effect on pulse pressure. The limitations of this study are the short research time, the absence of salt consumption restrictions on the Mediterranean diet, and the presence of smoking and physical activity as confounding activities.

Keywords: blood pressure, composition, Mediterranean diet, mean arterial pressure, pulse pressure

The Relationship Between Work Position Risk and the Level of Musculoskeletal Disorders in Private Limited Company Personnel

Wendra ‎ — 2024-10-04

Musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) are abnormalities that affect the musculoskeletalsystem, triggered by various risk factors in the work environment. Commonly, MSDs occur due to non-ergonomic working conditions. It arises from chronic exposure to risk factors that can cause injury to the musculoskeletalsystem, this condition will impact on the social and economic aspects of employees. This research was conducted to determine the characteristics of employees, description of the region and the level of musculoskeletal complaints experienced, risk of work positions based on RULA assessment, and the relationship between risk of work positions and the level of musculoskeletal complaints with an analytic cross-sectional design. The study sample was 33 employees of the Engineering Section of private limited company personnel. The research instrument used was a questionnaire. The results show that the majority of the Engineering Department employees at private limited company personnel were 23 years old (36.4%) and had worked for two to three years (33.3%). As many as 48.5% of employees experienced moderate levels of musculoskeletal complaints. Of the 33 respondents, the majority of employees (63.6%) had a low-risk position, nine people (27.3%) had moderate risk, and three (9.1%) had high risk. There is a significant relationship between the risk of work position and the level of musculoskeletal complaints (P < 0.05). There is a significant relationship between the risk of working position and the level of musculoskeletal complaints in personnel of limited liability companies.

Keywords: employee health, musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs), level of occupational risk

Effect of Katuk Leaves Ethanol Extract Gel as an Antibacterial and Antifungal in Orthodontic Treatment

Hillda Herawati — 2024-10-04

Fixed orthodontic treatment is one option for treating malocclusion. The intricate design makes it difficult for patients to clean their teeth and can cause the emergence of microorganisms in the oral cavity. Katuk plant (Sauropus androgynus (L.) Merr.) is commonly used as herbal medicine. Flavonoids in katuk leaves have antimicrobial properties. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of katuk leaf ethanol extract gel as an antimicrobial by inhibiting the growth of bacteria and fungi involved in orthodontic treatment. The study was an experimental study with a post-test-only control group using katuk leaves ethanol extract gel formulation as treatment, aquadest gel as a negative control, ketoconazole as a positive control against Candida albicans, and amoxicillin against Streptococcus mutans. Data were analyzed using the Kruskall– Wallis and Mann–Whitney tests (P < 0.05). The results show that katuk leaves have inhibition on Streptococcus mutans (P = 0.000) growth but have no inhibition on Candida albicans (P = 1.00) growth. The conclusion of this study is that the gel of katuk leaves ethanol extract (S. androgynus (L.) merr.) has antibacterial activity against S. mutans in the oral cavity but no antifungal effect on C. albicans.

Keywords: Candida albicans, fixed orthodontics, katuk leaves, Streptococcus mutans

Proteomic Profile of Blood Plasma of Mus Musculus in the Acute Toxicity Test of Single Black Garlic (Allium Sativum)

Lia Siti Halimah — 2024-10-04

This study aims to obtain overall information about all proteins formed in body fluids, cells, or tissues at a certain time and to analyze the mechanism of cell responses to various types of stress and drugs. Single black garlic (SBG) has the potential to be a pharmacological agent. However, the safety of using single black garlic is still unknown, so a material toxicity test is needed. This research is a laboratory experimental research with a post-test-only control group design. An oral acute toxicity test was used. Observation time was 14 days and consisted of four treatments, negative control, SBG dose 2000 mg/kgbw (P1), 3000 mg/kgbw (P2), and 5000 mg/kgbw (P3). Post-treatment protein analysis was done using the SDS-PAGE electrophoresis method. Observations of clinical symptoms of SBG at doses of 2000 mg/kgbw, 3000 mg/kgbw, and 5000 mg/kgbw showed no clinical symptoms in mice, both motor activity and pupils were still normal, no convulsions (seizures), lacrimation, paralysis or death were seen in mice. Observations on plasma proteins showed differences in protein between the treatments at the SBG dose of 2000 mg/kgbw with the SBG dose of 3000 mg/kgbw and 5000 mg/kgbw, but the four treatments have the same type of protein in the protein band with a molecular weight of 25 kDa. So, it can be concluded that SBG doses of 2000 mg/kgbw, 3000 mg/kgbw, and 5000 mg/kgbw are not toxic to mice but can stimulate the expression of certain proteins.

Keywords: Single Black garlic (SBG), oral acute toxicity test, proteomic analysis, SDS-PAGE

Potency of Red Guava Fruitghurt as an Antioxidant

Ania Kurniawati Purwa Dewi — 2024-10-04

Antioxidants are compounds needed by the body to protect body cells from damage caused by free radicals. Free radicals can damage macromolecules such as cell membrane lipids, DNA, and proteins, and cause cell oxidative stress. Red Guava Fruitghurt is a probiotic with the basic ingredients of fruit. The purpose of this study is to determine the effect of fruitghurt on the MDA levels in the blood of mice induced by CCl4. This was an experimental study conducted using mice (Mus musculus) which were divided into three treatment groups – the negative control group (that were not induced and were not given fruitghurt), the positive control group (that were induced with CCl4 but not given fruitghurt), and the treatment group (that were induced with CCl4 and given fruitghurt). The data obtained in the study were analyzed using the one-way ANOVA test, and the results showed significant differences between the treatment groups. Giving fruitghurt to the P1 group had a significant effect on reducing malondialdehyde levels compared to the positive control group, with a P-value of 0.03. Lactobacillus acidophilus bacteria found in this fruitghurt can reduce oxidative stress by inhibiting ascorbic acid oxidation, reducing activity and capturing radial superoxide anions, hydrogen peroxide, and free radicals, and inhibiting lipid oxidation. So this fruitghurt has antioxidant properties. This is also strengthened by the content of red guava which is rich in phenolics, flavonoids, and vitamin C that have good free radical scavenging activity, so guava fruit is a natural source of antioxidants.

Keywords: antioxidants, fruitghurt, malon dialdehyde, probiotics, red guava

The Impact of Exercise on DNA Damage in Athletes: Causes, Mechanisms, and Case Studies

Gusti Ayu Sinta Deasy Andani — 2024-10-04

Although physical activity is important for the athlete’s health and performance, it may also lead to Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) damage, which may have long-term health consequences and affect performance. This article summarizes different types of DNA damage that may occur in athletes, including their potential risk causes, such as mechanical stress, heat stress, and oxidative stress. Furthermore, several mechanisms by which physical activity might lead to DNA damage and affect health and performance are also discussed. Various strategies such as diet and nutrition, antioxidant supplements, cooling strategies, and recovery modalities are also presented to mitigate, prevent, and minimize the potential DNA damage upon physical activities. This article also highlights case studies of athletes who have experienced DNA damage and the effects on their performance and health. In summary, this article offers valuable perspectives on the intricate relationship between physical activity and DNA damage as well as the importance of addressing this issue in the context of athletic performance and health.

Keywords: athlete, DNA damage, exercise, RONS

Electrostatic Mapping of Rabies Anti-idiotype Antibody Compared to Rabies Virus Glycoprotein

Sayu Putu Yuni Paryati — 2024-10-04

Rabies is a lethal viral animal disease that assaults the central nervous system. Its glycoprotein is a viral protein that is essential for viral pathogenicity. Initially, the rabies vaccine was produced from nerve tissue, but it is no longer recommended since it causes adverse effects and is less effective. The anti-idiotype antibody vaccination is one option that functions as homologous artificial antigens to the glycoprotein of the rabies virus. The CDR is the structure of anti-idiotypic antibodies that play a role in mimicking epitopes. It may resemble or be identical to epitopes seen in rabies virus glycoproteins. The objective of this study is to determine the affinity of the CDR anti-idiotype antibody for the rabies virus glycoprotein epitope by studying the CDR electrostatic value. This electrostatic value was analyzed by bioinformatics approaches using a webPIPSA server. The findings revealed an electrostatic resemblance between the structure of anti-idiotype antibodies and the rabies virus glycoprotein. Further study will be aimed at collecting electrostatic values from each structure to create an anti-rabies vaccine.

Keywords: anti-idiotype antibodies, CDR, electrostatic, rabies, glycoprotein, webPIPSA

Relationship Between ODF and PHBS to the Incidence of Diarrhea in South Cimahi Public Health Center

Rr. Desire Meria Nataliningrum — 2024-10-04

Diarrhea is a defecation disorder with a frequency of more than three times in 24 hr with watery stools. Based on data from the World Health Organization (WHO), there are 1.7 billion cases of diarrhea that occur globally each year, and in Indonesia, 200 to 400 per 1000 residents each year with 60–80% of cases being children under five years old. Based on data collected by South Cimahi Public Health Center, there were 922 cases of diarrhea in 2022. Diarrhea can be prevented by implementing ODF and Clean and Healthy Life Behavior (PHBS). The Open Defecation Free (ODF) program aims to help people in the area to be free from open defecation. This study aims to understand the relationship between ODF and PHBS behavior with diarrhea incidence of residents in the South Cimahi Health Center area using analytical observation with a cross-sectional study design. A total of 112 residents were selected using a simple random sampling technique. The results showed as many as 56.4% of families who have implemented ODF and have no incidence of diarrhea, and 86.2% of families who have not implemented PHBS with diarrhea. There is a relationship between ODF and PHBS with an incidence of diarrhea (P = 0,00) among residents in the South Cimahi Public Health Center area.

Keywords: diarrhea, ODF, PHBS, public health center

Effect of Mediterranean Diet Composition on Metabolic Syndrome Marker Parameters Based on NCEP-ATP III Criteria

Endry Septiadi — 2024-10-04

Metabolic syndrome refers to a cluster of metabolic abnormalities in the body, including central obesity, elevated blood pressure, high glucose, and triglyceride levels, as well as low HDL levels. The Mediterranean diet, known for its specific composition, is believed to mitigate metabolic syndrome. This study aims to assess the impact of adhering to the Mediterranean diet on individuals with metabolic syndrome. It employs an observational analytic approach, utilizing a prospective cohort of 30 participants who followed the Mediterranean diet regimen as part of their treatment at a clinic in Bandung City. Systematic Random Sampling was used to select participants, and blood pressure was measured at the beginning (T1) and end (T2) of the study. Data on dietary intake were collected using the Relative Mediterranean Diet (rMED) scale via a Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ). Statistical analyses, including ANOVA and Tukey’s post-hoc test, were conducted to compare dietary compositions across adherence groups and to assess the impact of the Mediterranean diet on metabolic syndrome components. The findings revealed that participants, with an average age of 57.94 years and 69.44% female, experienced significant improvements in certain metabolic syndrome components, such as waist circumference (fruit and nut intake), triglycerides (vegetable intake), HDL (meat intake), and blood glucose (dairy product intake). However, no significant effects were observed for legumes, seeds, fish, and olive oil components on MetS.

Keywords: components, Mediterranean diet, MetS, NCEP-ATP III

Subchronic Toxicity of Ethanol Extract of Mangosteen Rind (Garcinia Mangostana L.) on Kidney Function in Wistar Rats

Welly Ratwita — 2024-10-04

Mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana L.) is a fruit that possesses antioxidant, antibacterial, antihistamine, anti-inflammatory, and antidiabetic properties. Before this, an acute toxicity test was conducted on the ethanol extract of mangosteen rind. However, further testing is required, specifically the subchronic toxicity test, to identify any hazardous effects that may not have been found in the previous study. The objective of this study is to evaluate the amount of toxicity based on the mortality rate, alterations in the relative weight of the kidneys, and changes in renal function as shown by levels of urea and creatinine. This study is an experimental investigation that employs the Post-test Only Control Group Design methodology, with a sample of 40 rats. The rats were categorized into two groups: the control group and the treatment group. The treatment group was divided into three subgroups, each receiving a dosage of 250 mg/kg body weight. The doses were 500 milligrams per kilogram and 1000 milligrams per kilogram of body weight, respectively. The control group received simply water and feed. The duration of the treatment was 28 days. Observations were conducted over 28 days, which involved monitoring animal mortality. On the 29^th day, a surgical procedure was carried out to assess the comparative weight of the kidneys and collect blood samples for analyzing the levels of urea and creatinine. The findings demonstrated no mortality in the test subjects, although there was an elevation in the relative mass of the kidneys and an increase in urea concentrations. The increase in urea levels was observed in female rats using the Kruskal–Wallis test (P = 0.019). The study was further conducted using the post-hoc Mann–Whitney test. Control female rats exhibited notable disparities when administered dosages of 250 mg/kgBW and 500 mg/kgBW. The repeated administration of an ethanolic extract derived from the peel of the mangosteen fruit had a detrimental impact on the functioning of the kidneys, as evidenced by a rise in urea concentrations.

Keywords: mangosteen, toxicity test, subchronic, kidney

Hearing Screening of Infant and Children Suspected of Congenital Hearing Loss at Dustira Cimahi Hospital

Yanti Nurrokhmawati — 2024-10-04

Hearing problems in children impact development, especially speech and language. Some risk factors are known to influence the occurrence of congenital deafness. For the last five years, screening with Otoacoustic Emissions (OAE) and Brainstem Evoked Response Audiometry (BERA) examinations has been used at Dustira Hospital to make a diagnosis and intervene as early as possible. This study aims to obtain the prevalence, risk factors, and OAE and BERA examination results at Dustira Cimahi Hospital. A retrospective descriptive study was conducted on children who underwent the OAE and BERA examination by collecting subject data for the period of January 2020– December 2022. The OAE examination uses distortion product otoacoustic emissions, while the BERA examination is based on the International Standard Organization (ISO). Of the 42 patients who were screened for hearing loss, the 3–5-year-old group was the most dominant (40.4%). Most of the patients were male (66%). While the prenatal risk factor was a history of TORCH infection (12%), the perinatal risk factor was low birth weight (14.2%) and the postnatal risk factor was hyperbilirubinemia (19%). The majority of the OAE examination results were refers found at 32 people (76.1%). The results of the BERA click examination were the presence of wave V found in 38 people (90.4%)). Patients with suspected congenital deafness who underwent hearing screening were in the age range of 3–5 years and were all male. The risk factors found were a history of TORCH infection, low birth weight, and hyperbilirubinemia. The majority of the results of the OAE examination was refer and that of the BERA was wave V.

Keywords: BERA, children, congenital deafness, OAE

Description of Characteristics, Main Complaints, Duration of Treatment, Complications and Comorbidities in Covid-19 Patients at Tk.II Dustira

Arief Kurniawan — 2024-10-04

The 2019 coronavirus disease was declared a pandemic by the World Health Organization in March 2020. By 2021, Indonesia had a total of 4,262,720 cases and 142,560 deaths. By 2021, the total number of confirmed COVID-19 cases grew to 4,262,720. Since the deaths due to the coronavirus amounted to 144,094, clinical manifestations in patients with COVID-19 have a wide spectrum, ranging from no to severe symptoms. Most patients have symptoms such as fever, cough, sneezing, and shortness of breath. Age, gender, accompanying diseases, clinical symptoms, and laboratory parameters are all related to the duration of treatment for COVID-19 patients; comorbidities can cause complications such as hypertension, heart disease, chronic kidney disease, and chronic lung disease. The research draft used in this study is descriptive. Previous research showed that the age of most participants (55%) was 50 years and 59% were male, 91% had respiratory complaints, 90% had a respiratory cough, 94% had a non-respiratory fever, the treatment length was 6–11 days in 68%, bronchopulmonary pneumonia as a complication was seen in 43%, and comorbid hypertension was reported in 35%. The results of the study showed that elderly patients are at greater risk of getting infected with COVID-19, and respiratory complaints are the most common because COVID-19 attacks the reproductive organs, and fever is a manifestation of the infection of the body with the virus. Hypertension is the most common comorbidity that causes the activation of COVID-19 caused by ACE 2.

Keywords: Covid-19, primary complaint, treatment length, complication, comorbid

Linezolid as a Treatment for Multidrug-resistant Tuberculosis: A Literature Review

Rhea Veda Nugraha — 2024-10-04

Multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) emerges when Mycobacterium tuberculosis develops resistance to both rifampicin and isoniazid, representing a significant threat that undermines global efforts to combat tuberculosis. The unfavorable prognosis of MDR-TB can be attributed to prolonged treatment duration, the utilization of multiple medications, and the adverse effects associated with drug therapy. This drug moved from Group C (third line) in 2016 and Group 5 (unclear efficacy) in 2011. This is a synthetic oxazolidinone antimicrobial drug and a non-selective mono oxidase inhibitor. Antimicrobials that are both vulnerable to and resistant to gram-positive bacteria can be effectively combatted by linezolid. This study investigates and appraises the utilization of linezolid as a therapeutic intervention in individuals afflicted with MDR-TB, while also scrutinizing the pharmacological attributes of the drug. We also discuss Linezolid’s safety, efficacy, and tolerability for treating MDR-TB. Linezolid medication should be utilized for most patients and is a part of more recent short-course regimens since it has been known to increase the success rate of treatment of DR-TB by increasing the conversion sputum rate. However, primarily hematologic and neurologic, linezolid toxicity is typically treatment-limiting yet should be monitored. Recent studies suggest that dose modification and intermittency can reduce linezolid toxicity. Also, using linezolid in the regimen potentially reduces the treatment duration, but it needs further research.

Keywords: efficacy, linezolid, safety, MDR-TB, tolerability

Effect of the Composition of the Mediterranean Diet on Body Mass Index, Waist Circumference, Fat Level, and Visceral Fat in Patients with Obesity

Endry Septiadi — 2024-10-04

Excessive and unhealthy fat storage is known as obesity. Both monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids are highly encouraged in the Mediterranean diet. Obese patients at a Bandung clinic were studied to examine how the Mediterranean diet affects their BMI, waist size, fat percentage, and visceral fat. Analytical observational methods utilizing prospective cohort observations were employed. A systematic random sample technique was used to carry out the sampling. Participants were 34 overweight individuals who had twelve monthly food pattern assessments and two monthly examinations for body mass index (BMI), waist size, fat percentage, and visceral fat. To compare proportions between the rMED adherence groups and to look for differences in the composition of the Mediterranean diet on BMI, waist circumference, fat content, and visceral fat, we used the ANOVA test and Tuckey’s post-hoc test. In addition, the eight tenets of the Mediterranean diet were assessed using linear regression. The average age of the obese patients who followed the Mediterranean diet was 57.54 years, and 79.41% of them were female. It was found that the components of vegetables, fruits, nuts, seafood, and dairy products had a substantial impact on the body mass index of the participants, while the components of vegetables, fruits, nuts, legumes, seeds, meat, fish, olive oil, and dairy products did not have a significant impact on the waist circumference, fat content, or visceral fat.

Keywords: body mass index, fat content Mediterranean diet composition, obesity, visceral fat, waist circumference

Safety and Tolerability of Antihypertensive Agents in Long-term: A Literature Review

Rhea Veda Nugraha — 2024-10-04

Hypertension is known to affect more than one billion people globally and is estimated to increase to 1.5 billion by 2025. It is considered one of the leading causes of death and cardiovascular disease worldwide. The safety of long-term antihypertensive use is also a concern. Through a narrative or literature review, this study evaluated antihypertensive agents based on the results of various literature searches. Researchers reviewed the safety and tolerability of five classes of antihypertensive agents such as Diuretics, Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors (ACEI), Angiotensin Receptor Blockers (ARB), Beta-Blockers, and Calcium Channel Blockers (CCB). The use of ARB antihypertensive drugs like valsartan is well tolerated and safe. Moreover, the mortality rate associated with enalapril was 16% lower (95% CI 0.76-0.93; P < 0.001). Captopril and lisinopril of Angiotensin-converting Enzyme Inhibitors (ACEIs) have significant side effects (SEs) compared to any antihypertensive drug. Therefore, this study recommends using the ACEIs group, especially captopril and lisinopril, due to the minimal side effects produced compared to other antihypertensive drugs. In addition, the CCBs or Ca antagonists class like amlodipine is potentially well tolerated and safe as a first-line drug for hypertension treatment.

Keywords: antihypertensive drugs, hypertension, safety, side effect, tolerability